A demographic survey was conducted and the average water consumption per
household was measured by calibrated flow meters. Results of the survey are shown
in Table 6.4.
4.2 Sanitary Drainage Sewers
Three out of the six study areas in the city are served by sanitary drainage sewers (see
Table 6.4). Field tests were conducted in these areas to determine wastewater leaking
from, and water infiltrating into, the sewers. The testing was performed on pipe
sections from manhole to manhole (40–80 m in length) using pneumatic balls to plug
the sections [33].
For assessment of leakage, water was supplied to the section through a bypass
ball that was connected to a barrel to maintain a constant head of about 1.5 m of
water above the crown of pipe. The quantity of water supplied to maintain a constant
head for a period of 1 hour was considered to be the leakage from the section.
For quantification of infiltration, the sewer section was plugged from the
upstream side, while the downstream side was left open in order to collect and
measure the infiltrating water. The amount of water collected over a period of 1 hour
would represent the infiltration into the pipe. The results are summarized in
Table 6.5. All tested sewers are less than 15 years old and have been constructed
of PVC pipes 200 and 250 mm in diameter at slopes ranging between 0.5% and 1%.
4.3 The Storm Drainage System
In two of the areas (Table 6.4) where storm drainage sewers were available (about
25% of Ar-Riyadh is sewered), tests for leakage were conducted on selected
stretches. The testing was performed by means of an ISCO Model 2300 Flow
Meter [19] that determines the rates of flow by measuring the water levels at
Table 6.3 Summary of quantification of leakage from domestic water networks in five areas
Area
Average operating
pressure Bars
Leakage
rate
Leakage
Flow in residents in the
area
Leakage
L/km/mm/
day
q
Q
%
m
3 /day
m
3
/day
1
2.5
800
156
488
24
2
3.2
122
81
490
14
3
3.9
230
78
442
15
4
1.8
240
48
447
10
5
2.8
284
88
368
19
Overall weighted average
16
6 Water Losses from Utilities
247
household was measured by calibrated flow meters. Results of the survey are shown
in Table 6.4.
4.2 Sanitary Drainage Sewers
Three out of the six study areas in the city are served by sanitary drainage sewers (see
Table 6.4). Field tests were conducted in these areas to determine wastewater leaking
from, and water infiltrating into, the sewers. The testing was performed on pipe
sections from manhole to manhole (40–80 m in length) using pneumatic balls to plug
the sections [33].
For assessment of leakage, water was supplied to the section through a bypass
ball that was connected to a barrel to maintain a constant head of about 1.5 m of
water above the crown of pipe. The quantity of water supplied to maintain a constant
head for a period of 1 hour was considered to be the leakage from the section.
For quantification of infiltration, the sewer section was plugged from the
upstream side, while the downstream side was left open in order to collect and
measure the infiltrating water. The amount of water collected over a period of 1 hour
would represent the infiltration into the pipe. The results are summarized in
Table 6.5. All tested sewers are less than 15 years old and have been constructed
of PVC pipes 200 and 250 mm in diameter at slopes ranging between 0.5% and 1%.
4.3 The Storm Drainage System
In two of the areas (Table 6.4) where storm drainage sewers were available (about
25% of Ar-Riyadh is sewered), tests for leakage were conducted on selected
stretches. The testing was performed by means of an ISCO Model 2300 Flow
Meter [19] that determines the rates of flow by measuring the water levels at
Table 6.3 Summary of quantification of leakage from domestic water networks in five areas
Area
Average operating
pressure Bars
Leakage
rate
Leakage
Flow in residents in the
area
Leakage
L/km/mm/
day
q
Q
%
m
3 /day
m
3
/day
1
2.5
800
156
488
24
2
3.2
122
81
490
14
3
3.9
230
78
442
15
4
1.8
240
48
447
10
5
2.8
284
88
368
19
Overall weighted average
16
6 Water Losses from Utilities
247