Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM)
projection
The map projection used in many standard map series. This projection uses the Mercator projection formula on meridional zones; it is
a cylindrical conformal projection.
Universe
The total entity of interest in a sampling program, often together
with some structural features. The EMAP universe is the entire
United States, together with adjoining waters.
Value
A characteristic of the environment that is desired. In the past, the
term “environmental value” was defined to mean characteristic of
the environment that contributes to the quality of life provided to an
area’s inhabitants; for example, the ability of an area to provide
desired functions such as food, clean water and air, aesthetic experience, recreation, and desired animal and plant species. Biodiversity, sustainability, and aesthetics are examples of environmental
values. A quantity’s magnitude.
Variance
A measure of the variability or precision of a set of observations.
Vector
A coordinate-based data structure commonly used to represent map
features. (Term added 1993.)
Watershed
“The terrestrial area of the landscape contributing to flow at a given
stream location. The land area that drains into a stream.”
Weights
In a probability sample, the sample weights are the inverses of the
inclusion probabilities; these are always known for a probability
sample.
Wetlands
Lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the
water table is usually at or near the surface or where shallow water
covers the land and where at least one of the following attributes
holds: (1) at least periodically, the land supports aquatic plants
predominantly; (2) undrained hydric soils are the predominant
substrate; and (3) at some time during the growing season, the
substrate is saturated with water or covered by shallow water. An
area that is saturated by surface or groundwater with vegetation
adapted for life under those soil conditions, as swamps, bogs, fens,
marshes, and estuaries.
Xenobiotic
“A chemical or other stressor that does not occur naturally in the
environment. Xenobiotics occur as a result of anthropogenic activities such as the application of pesticides and the discharge of
industrial chemicals to air, land, or water.”
References
1. Burrough PA, McDonnell RA (1998) Principles of geographical information systems. Oxford
University Press, New York
2. Lillesand TM, Kiefer RW (1979) Remote sensing and image interpretation. Wiley, New York
3. Barrett EC, Curtis LF (1982) Introduction to environmental remote sensing. Chapman & Hall,
London
4. Colwell RN (ed) (1983) Manual of remote sensing, vol I and II. American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church
5. Jensen JR (1986) Introductory digital image processing: a remote sensing perspective. Prentice
Hall, New Jersey, pp 138–157
6. Dueker KJ, Kjerne D (1989) Multi-purpose cadastre: terms and definition. ASPRS and ACSM,
Falls Church
5 Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Applications in Environmental. . . 233
Mercator (UTM)
projection
The map projection used in many standard map series. This projection uses the Mercator projection formula on meridional zones; it is
a cylindrical conformal projection.
Universe
The total entity of interest in a sampling program, often together
with some structural features. The EMAP universe is the entire
United States, together with adjoining waters.
Value
A characteristic of the environment that is desired. In the past, the
term “environmental value” was defined to mean characteristic of
the environment that contributes to the quality of life provided to an
area’s inhabitants; for example, the ability of an area to provide
desired functions such as food, clean water and air, aesthetic experience, recreation, and desired animal and plant species. Biodiversity, sustainability, and aesthetics are examples of environmental
values. A quantity’s magnitude.
Variance
A measure of the variability or precision of a set of observations.
Vector
A coordinate-based data structure commonly used to represent map
features. (Term added 1993.)
Watershed
“The terrestrial area of the landscape contributing to flow at a given
stream location. The land area that drains into a stream.”
Weights
In a probability sample, the sample weights are the inverses of the
inclusion probabilities; these are always known for a probability
sample.
Wetlands
Lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the
water table is usually at or near the surface or where shallow water
covers the land and where at least one of the following attributes
holds: (1) at least periodically, the land supports aquatic plants
predominantly; (2) undrained hydric soils are the predominant
substrate; and (3) at some time during the growing season, the
substrate is saturated with water or covered by shallow water. An
area that is saturated by surface or groundwater with vegetation
adapted for life under those soil conditions, as swamps, bogs, fens,
marshes, and estuaries.
Xenobiotic
“A chemical or other stressor that does not occur naturally in the
environment. Xenobiotics occur as a result of anthropogenic activities such as the application of pesticides and the discharge of
industrial chemicals to air, land, or water.”
References
1. Burrough PA, McDonnell RA (1998) Principles of geographical information systems. Oxford
University Press, New York
2. Lillesand TM, Kiefer RW (1979) Remote sensing and image interpretation. Wiley, New York
3. Barrett EC, Curtis LF (1982) Introduction to environmental remote sensing. Chapman & Hall,
London
4. Colwell RN (ed) (1983) Manual of remote sensing, vol I and II. American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church
5. Jensen JR (1986) Introductory digital image processing: a remote sensing perspective. Prentice
Hall, New Jersey, pp 138–157
6. Dueker KJ, Kjerne D (1989) Multi-purpose cadastre: terms and definition. ASPRS and ACSM,
Falls Church
5 Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Applications in Environmental. . . 233