Streams are operationally defined as any first- or higher-order
stream that is represented as a blue line on a USGS l:l00,000
topographic map. “All water naturally open to the atmosphere
(rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, impoundments, seas, estuaries, etc.) and all springs, wells, or other collectors directly
influenced by surface water.”
Systematic sample
A sampling design that utilizes regular spacing between the sample
points, in one sense or another. The EMAP design selects samples
via the triangular grid. Spatial arrangement of the selected resource
units is not always strictly systematic, but the systematic grid is an
important aspect of the design.
Target population
A specific resource set that is the object or target of investigation.
Technical coordinator
(TC)
The individual responsible for directing the activities of an individual crosscutting group.
Technical director (TD)
The individual responsible for directing the activities of an individual resource group.
Terminology services (TS) The centralized approach for maintenance and display of glossaries
at USEPA.
Tessellation
A pavement or tiling of a space by a mosaic pattern. The EMAP
design prescribes a regular tessellation on the United States,
consisting of hexagons of 634.5 km
2
.
Tier 1 resource
A specific designation given an EMAP resource class that will be
treated as a stratum at Tier 2.
Tier 1/Tier 2
The EMAP design is a multistage, or multiphase, design. These two
terms describe the multistage structure of EMAP’s monitoring
activities. Tier 1 refers to studies that reflect the structure of the
sampling grid, and these studies characterize the extend of the
resource and its geographical distribution. Tier 2 refers to a double
sample from a Tier 1 sample; these studies quantify the ecological
condition on a national or regional basis. (See related: Tier 3/Tier 4.)
Tier 3/Tier 4
The general investigation of status and nature of environmental
issues involves other levels of investigation below those of monitoring: in EMAP, these activities are designated as Tier 3 or Tier
4. Tier 3 studies are specialized, intensive studies of a finite duration
to help diagnose or determine the extent of a degraded condition.
Tier 4 studies are basic research studies that support EMAP, and
they complement Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 studies.
Total quality management (TQM)
A system that is implemented in every aspect of an organization
with the focus of providing quality, that is, highly valued products.
The system provides a framework for planning, documentation,
communication, etc. and strongly emphasizes a client-oriented perspective. “The process whereby an entire organization, led by senior
management, commits to focusing on quality as a first priority in
every activity. TQM implementation creates a culture in which
everyone in the organization shares the responsibility for continuously improving the quality of products and services in order to
satisfy the customer.”
Trends
The changes in the distribution of scores for condition indicators
over multiple time periods.
Trophic levels
A functional classification of taxa within a community that is based
on feeding relationships (e.g., aquatic and terrestrial green plants
comprise (sic) the first trophic level and herbivores comprise (sic)
the second.)
232
S. O. Darkwah et al.
stream that is represented as a blue line on a USGS l:l00,000
topographic map. “All water naturally open to the atmosphere
(rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, impoundments, seas, estuaries, etc.) and all springs, wells, or other collectors directly
influenced by surface water.”
Systematic sample
A sampling design that utilizes regular spacing between the sample
points, in one sense or another. The EMAP design selects samples
via the triangular grid. Spatial arrangement of the selected resource
units is not always strictly systematic, but the systematic grid is an
important aspect of the design.
Target population
A specific resource set that is the object or target of investigation.
Technical coordinator
(TC)
The individual responsible for directing the activities of an individual crosscutting group.
Technical director (TD)
The individual responsible for directing the activities of an individual resource group.
Terminology services (TS) The centralized approach for maintenance and display of glossaries
at USEPA.
Tessellation
A pavement or tiling of a space by a mosaic pattern. The EMAP
design prescribes a regular tessellation on the United States,
consisting of hexagons of 634.5 km
2
.
Tier 1 resource
A specific designation given an EMAP resource class that will be
treated as a stratum at Tier 2.
Tier 1/Tier 2
The EMAP design is a multistage, or multiphase, design. These two
terms describe the multistage structure of EMAP’s monitoring
activities. Tier 1 refers to studies that reflect the structure of the
sampling grid, and these studies characterize the extend of the
resource and its geographical distribution. Tier 2 refers to a double
sample from a Tier 1 sample; these studies quantify the ecological
condition on a national or regional basis. (See related: Tier 3/Tier 4.)
Tier 3/Tier 4
The general investigation of status and nature of environmental
issues involves other levels of investigation below those of monitoring: in EMAP, these activities are designated as Tier 3 or Tier
4. Tier 3 studies are specialized, intensive studies of a finite duration
to help diagnose or determine the extent of a degraded condition.
Tier 4 studies are basic research studies that support EMAP, and
they complement Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 studies.
Total quality management (TQM)
A system that is implemented in every aspect of an organization
with the focus of providing quality, that is, highly valued products.
The system provides a framework for planning, documentation,
communication, etc. and strongly emphasizes a client-oriented perspective. “The process whereby an entire organization, led by senior
management, commits to focusing on quality as a first priority in
every activity. TQM implementation creates a culture in which
everyone in the organization shares the responsibility for continuously improving the quality of products and services in order to
satisfy the customer.”
Trends
The changes in the distribution of scores for condition indicators
over multiple time periods.
Trophic levels
A functional classification of taxa within a community that is based
on feeding relationships (e.g., aquatic and terrestrial green plants
comprise (sic) the first trophic level and herbivores comprise (sic)
the second.)
232
S. O. Darkwah et al.