Interpenetrating
subsamples
If a sample is partitioned into subsamples, each of which closely
reflects the structure of the full design, and then the subsamples are
said to mutually interpenetrate the frame. The EMAP design prescribes four interpenetrating grids, each with density one fourth of
the base grid. Together, these four grids constitute the baseline grid.
Judgment sample
A form of non-probability sample in which the sample is chosen
according to the judgment of the sampler.
Kriging
A weighted, moving-average estimation technique based on
geostatistics that uses the spatial correlation of point measurements
to estimate values at adjacent, unmeasured points. A sophisticated
technique for filling in missing data values, kriging is named after a
South African engineer, D.G. Krige, who first developed the
method. The kriging routine preserves known data values, estimates
missing data values, and also “estimates the variance at every
missing data location. After kriging, the filled matrix contains the
best possible estimate of the missing data values, in the sense that
the variance has been minimized.”
Lake
In EMAP, a standing body of water greater than 1 hectare (about 2.5
acre) that has at least 1000 m
2 (about 0.25 acre) of open water and is
at least 1 meter (about 3 feet) deep at its deepest point.
Lambert’s azimuthal map
projection
The map projection used for laying out the EMAP grid. This is an
equal-area projection.
Landscape
The set of traits, patterns, and structure of a specific geographic
area, including its biological composition, its physical environment,
and its anthropogenic patterns. An area where interacting ecosystems are grouped and repeated in similar form.
Landscape
characterization
Documentation of the traits and patterns of the essential elements of
the landscape, including attributes of the physical environment,
biological composition, and anthropogenic patterns. In EMAP,
landscape characterization emphasizes the process of describing
land use or land cover, but also includes gathering data on attributes
such as elevation, demographics, soils, physiographic regions, and
others.
Landscape ecology
The study of distribution patterns of communities and ecosystems,
the ecological processes that affect those patterns, and changes in
pattern and process over time.
Map projection
A mathematical formula or algorithm for translating the coordinates
of features on the surface of the earth to a plane for representation on
a flat map.
Map resolution
The accuracy with which the location and shape of map features are
depicted for a given map scale.
Map scale
A statement of a measure on the map and the equivalent measure on
the earth, often expressed as a representative fraction of distance,
such as 1:24,000.
Marginal condition
The state that exists when the nominal and subnominal criteria are
not contiguous.
Measurement
A quantifiable attribute that is tied to an indicator.
Measurement endpoint
A measurable ecological characteristic that is related to the valued
characteristic chosen as the assessment endpoint. “ Measurement
endpoints are often expressed as the statistical or arithmetic summaries of the observations that comprise [sic] the measurement.”
Meridian
One of a group of abstract lines on the surface of the earth formed
by the longitude and latitude coordinate system. Meridians represent lines of equal longitude and thus converge at the poles. All
meridians are great circles.
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S. O. Darkwah et al.
subsamples
If a sample is partitioned into subsamples, each of which closely
reflects the structure of the full design, and then the subsamples are
said to mutually interpenetrate the frame. The EMAP design prescribes four interpenetrating grids, each with density one fourth of
the base grid. Together, these four grids constitute the baseline grid.
Judgment sample
A form of non-probability sample in which the sample is chosen
according to the judgment of the sampler.
Kriging
A weighted, moving-average estimation technique based on
geostatistics that uses the spatial correlation of point measurements
to estimate values at adjacent, unmeasured points. A sophisticated
technique for filling in missing data values, kriging is named after a
South African engineer, D.G. Krige, who first developed the
method. The kriging routine preserves known data values, estimates
missing data values, and also “estimates the variance at every
missing data location. After kriging, the filled matrix contains the
best possible estimate of the missing data values, in the sense that
the variance has been minimized.”
Lake
In EMAP, a standing body of water greater than 1 hectare (about 2.5
acre) that has at least 1000 m
2 (about 0.25 acre) of open water and is
at least 1 meter (about 3 feet) deep at its deepest point.
Lambert’s azimuthal map
projection
The map projection used for laying out the EMAP grid. This is an
equal-area projection.
Landscape
The set of traits, patterns, and structure of a specific geographic
area, including its biological composition, its physical environment,
and its anthropogenic patterns. An area where interacting ecosystems are grouped and repeated in similar form.
Landscape
characterization
Documentation of the traits and patterns of the essential elements of
the landscape, including attributes of the physical environment,
biological composition, and anthropogenic patterns. In EMAP,
landscape characterization emphasizes the process of describing
land use or land cover, but also includes gathering data on attributes
such as elevation, demographics, soils, physiographic regions, and
others.
Landscape ecology
The study of distribution patterns of communities and ecosystems,
the ecological processes that affect those patterns, and changes in
pattern and process over time.
Map projection
A mathematical formula or algorithm for translating the coordinates
of features on the surface of the earth to a plane for representation on
a flat map.
Map resolution
The accuracy with which the location and shape of map features are
depicted for a given map scale.
Map scale
A statement of a measure on the map and the equivalent measure on
the earth, often expressed as a representative fraction of distance,
such as 1:24,000.
Marginal condition
The state that exists when the nominal and subnominal criteria are
not contiguous.
Measurement
A quantifiable attribute that is tied to an indicator.
Measurement endpoint
A measurable ecological characteristic that is related to the valued
characteristic chosen as the assessment endpoint. “ Measurement
endpoints are often expressed as the statistical or arithmetic summaries of the observations that comprise [sic] the measurement.”
Meridian
One of a group of abstract lines on the surface of the earth formed
by the longitude and latitude coordinate system. Meridians represent lines of equal longitude and thus converge at the poles. All
meridians are great circles.
226
S. O. Darkwah et al.