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N. Akhtar and P. N. Kuriakose
behavior and the effect of the influx of ABSM services on their travel. The survey
sample consisted of 67% males and 33% females with the majority of them lying in
the age group of 20–30 and working as professionals. 51% of survey respondents did
not own a vehicle, 41% owned motorized two-wheelers, 4% owned four-wheelers,
and another 4% owned more than one vehicle including both motorized two-wheelers
and four-wheelers.
3.3.2 Carbon Emission Due to Congestion
For the purpose of the study, 25 routes between the major commercial areas and
residential areas were finalized, as per the Comprehensive Mobility Plan of Bengaluru
[24]. By calculating the Travel Time Index of these major routes, the issue of extreme
congestion is highlighted. Moreover, the TNC–Uber data is utilized to estimate the
economic and environmental cost of congestion. By highlighting the economic and
environmental loss occurring at these major routes, recommendations are drawn to
improve the traffic conditions on them, which will save a huge amount of resources,
presently going down the drain on a daily basis.
Five wards each with dominant residential landuse and dominant commercial
landuse were selected (See Table 3.1). It has been observed that major commercial
and economic activities have clustered in various Central Business Districts (CBDs)
and the most important ones include ward numbers 38, 84, 86, 110, and 192. The
administrative offices of Bengaluru are located in ward 110, whereas all the others
comprise major IT Tech parks which attract most of the crowd from all over the city
every day.
To assess the commuting pattern between the wards described, the travel times
received from Uber Movement data [39], from each origin to each destination in both
AM—peak hour (8–11 a.m.) and PM—peak hour (4:30–7:30 p.m.) were used [37].
The cost incurred due to additional petrol consumed by motorized two-wheeler and
four-wheeler vehicles due to congestion was calculated. The steps followed are as
given below:
Volume of fuel consumed during free flow = Distance * Fuel consumption
Volume of fuel consumed during peak hours (for each route) = Volume of fuel
consumed per route * Route-level Travel Time Index (TTI).
Additional volume of fuel consumed per route owing to congestion = Volume of
fuel consumed during peak hours – Volume of fuel consumed during free flow.
Additional fuel cost (for each route) = Additional volume of fuel consumed *
Cost of fuel per liter.
The cost of carbon dioxide emissions due to congestion in environmental terms
and monetary terms was calculated signifying the amount of CO 2 emitted during
traffic as per the following steps:
1. The steps to calculate the additional amount of fuel consumed are the same as
explained in the previous section.
N. Akhtar and P. N. Kuriakose
behavior and the effect of the influx of ABSM services on their travel. The survey
sample consisted of 67% males and 33% females with the majority of them lying in
the age group of 20–30 and working as professionals. 51% of survey respondents did
not own a vehicle, 41% owned motorized two-wheelers, 4% owned four-wheelers,
and another 4% owned more than one vehicle including both motorized two-wheelers
and four-wheelers.
3.3.2 Carbon Emission Due to Congestion
For the purpose of the study, 25 routes between the major commercial areas and
residential areas were finalized, as per the Comprehensive Mobility Plan of Bengaluru
[24]. By calculating the Travel Time Index of these major routes, the issue of extreme
congestion is highlighted. Moreover, the TNC–Uber data is utilized to estimate the
economic and environmental cost of congestion. By highlighting the economic and
environmental loss occurring at these major routes, recommendations are drawn to
improve the traffic conditions on them, which will save a huge amount of resources,
presently going down the drain on a daily basis.
Five wards each with dominant residential landuse and dominant commercial
landuse were selected (See Table 3.1). It has been observed that major commercial
and economic activities have clustered in various Central Business Districts (CBDs)
and the most important ones include ward numbers 38, 84, 86, 110, and 192. The
administrative offices of Bengaluru are located in ward 110, whereas all the others
comprise major IT Tech parks which attract most of the crowd from all over the city
every day.
To assess the commuting pattern between the wards described, the travel times
received from Uber Movement data [39], from each origin to each destination in both
AM—peak hour (8–11 a.m.) and PM—peak hour (4:30–7:30 p.m.) were used [37].
The cost incurred due to additional petrol consumed by motorized two-wheeler and
four-wheeler vehicles due to congestion was calculated. The steps followed are as
given below:
Volume of fuel consumed during free flow = Distance * Fuel consumption
Volume of fuel consumed during peak hours (for each route) = Volume of fuel
consumed per route * Route-level Travel Time Index (TTI).
Additional volume of fuel consumed per route owing to congestion = Volume of
fuel consumed during peak hours – Volume of fuel consumed during free flow.
Additional fuel cost (for each route) = Additional volume of fuel consumed *
Cost of fuel per liter.
The cost of carbon dioxide emissions due to congestion in environmental terms
and monetary terms was calculated signifying the amount of CO 2 emitted during
traffic as per the following steps:
1. The steps to calculate the additional amount of fuel consumed are the same as
explained in the previous section.