16 Green Economy Approach to Develop Bioactive …
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DMs was discovered first in the mid of twentieth century (1957) with no mineralocorticoid action but showed the same GCs activities which made it the most potent
member of GC class, have potential for treatment of severe allergies, skin infection
problems, chronic asthma, ophthalmic diseases, respiratory problems, brain swelling,
muscle, and sedative problems. The effective medical properties of DMs help to
provide it as antibiotics in tuberculosis and according to condition requirement it
is also used in several diseases [6]. The presence of fluorine and methyl group on
cyclopentane ring made the DMs such a strong GC candidate that even a very less
amount of it show a good GC activity when compared with other GCs (Hydrocortisone and prednisolone). DMs drug is found applicable to induce the apoptosis in
inflammatory cells and reduce the cytokine production which is responsible for the
treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
Despite many useful physiological functions, DMs is mainly employed as
antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergy drugs in both human and veterinary
medicine. The different biological characteristics of DMs are due to the presence
of fluorine atom at C-9 position of the steroid structure [7]. Seeing the numerous
biological advantages of DMs in medical sectors, scientists have discovered various
conventional chemical methods to synthesize and introduce functionality into DMs.
Conventional chemical synthesis processes of DMs have some drawbacks which
limit its applications in medical industry at large extent. These methods include
multistep which is time consuming and also utilized some toxic solvents and catalysts (Scheme 16.1). It is well known that the quality and quantity of a drug mostly
depend on the catalyst and solvents used in their synthetic process. Therefore, due to
environmental and economic prospects, solvents and catalysts should be of the types
that meet the needs of novel drugs. In this context, solvents should be cheap, readily
available, non-toxic, non-volatile, non-flammable, and recyclable for the development of ideal drugs. Benzene, acetonitrile as progenic solvent, glacial acetic acid
in methanol as the eluting solvent and palladium on charcoal are the most common
used solvents and catalyst in the preparation of DMs.
The complex chemical synthesis of DMs with hazardous solvents and catalysts
has generated abundant amounts of waste products that affect the yield of DMs
along with its cost. Hence, to tackle the above explained issues of DMs and its recent
advantages in treatment of SARS-CoV-2 push the researchers to derive the analogues
of DMs by green synthetic sustainable approach, so that it will be non-hazardous
toward the living organism and easily available in the market, at a lower cost and
with high standards of quality (Fig. 16.4). These green DMs analogues would be
highly efficient to treat the SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Figure 16.5 displays the
proposed mechanism for DMs analogue to inhibit the binding of viral S-protein with
hACE-2. Green synthesis of DMs analogue scaffold is an organo- and bio-catalytic
procedure that contains green ideal solvents such as water, supercritical CO 2, and
ionic liquid (IL). Both solvent and catalyst play an important role to determine the
reaction rate as well as selectivity of the reaction because of its heat and mass transfer
property during the synthesis process of DMs [8].
As the synthesis of DMs is a lengthy process with high energy requirement,
the development of green synthetic approach with utilization of catalysts such as
375
DMs was discovered first in the mid of twentieth century (1957) with no mineralocorticoid action but showed the same GCs activities which made it the most potent
member of GC class, have potential for treatment of severe allergies, skin infection
problems, chronic asthma, ophthalmic diseases, respiratory problems, brain swelling,
muscle, and sedative problems. The effective medical properties of DMs help to
provide it as antibiotics in tuberculosis and according to condition requirement it
is also used in several diseases [6]. The presence of fluorine and methyl group on
cyclopentane ring made the DMs such a strong GC candidate that even a very less
amount of it show a good GC activity when compared with other GCs (Hydrocortisone and prednisolone). DMs drug is found applicable to induce the apoptosis in
inflammatory cells and reduce the cytokine production which is responsible for the
treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
Despite many useful physiological functions, DMs is mainly employed as
antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergy drugs in both human and veterinary
medicine. The different biological characteristics of DMs are due to the presence
of fluorine atom at C-9 position of the steroid structure [7]. Seeing the numerous
biological advantages of DMs in medical sectors, scientists have discovered various
conventional chemical methods to synthesize and introduce functionality into DMs.
Conventional chemical synthesis processes of DMs have some drawbacks which
limit its applications in medical industry at large extent. These methods include
multistep which is time consuming and also utilized some toxic solvents and catalysts (Scheme 16.1). It is well known that the quality and quantity of a drug mostly
depend on the catalyst and solvents used in their synthetic process. Therefore, due to
environmental and economic prospects, solvents and catalysts should be of the types
that meet the needs of novel drugs. In this context, solvents should be cheap, readily
available, non-toxic, non-volatile, non-flammable, and recyclable for the development of ideal drugs. Benzene, acetonitrile as progenic solvent, glacial acetic acid
in methanol as the eluting solvent and palladium on charcoal are the most common
used solvents and catalyst in the preparation of DMs.
The complex chemical synthesis of DMs with hazardous solvents and catalysts
has generated abundant amounts of waste products that affect the yield of DMs
along with its cost. Hence, to tackle the above explained issues of DMs and its recent
advantages in treatment of SARS-CoV-2 push the researchers to derive the analogues
of DMs by green synthetic sustainable approach, so that it will be non-hazardous
toward the living organism and easily available in the market, at a lower cost and
with high standards of quality (Fig. 16.4). These green DMs analogues would be
highly efficient to treat the SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Figure 16.5 displays the
proposed mechanism for DMs analogue to inhibit the binding of viral S-protein with
hACE-2. Green synthesis of DMs analogue scaffold is an organo- and bio-catalytic
procedure that contains green ideal solvents such as water, supercritical CO 2, and
ionic liquid (IL). Both solvent and catalyst play an important role to determine the
reaction rate as well as selectivity of the reaction because of its heat and mass transfer
property during the synthesis process of DMs [8].
As the synthesis of DMs is a lengthy process with high energy requirement,
the development of green synthetic approach with utilization of catalysts such as