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P. Dwivedi and M. K. Singha
Table 13.1 Wearable sensors for healthcare monitoring
Device type Diagnostics
Physical
parameters
Flexible
Sensing
mechanism
References
Skin patch Heart rate
Electrocardiogram
(ECG)
Yes
Pressure
[37]
Skin patch Heart rate
ECG
Yes
Piezo-resistive
[38]
Skin patch Blood
pressure
ECG
Yes
Ultrasonic
[39]
Sweat
Physiological
health
OH − , H + , Cu + ,
and Fe 2+ ions, pH
Yes
Impedance
[40]
Sweat and
epidermal
bio-fluids
Blood
glucose
Glucose
Yes
Electrochemical,
reverse
iontophoretic
[41]
Sweat
Physiological
health, body
electrolyte
Na + and K + ion
Yes
Electrochemical [42]
Patch, sweat Physiological
health
Lactate, pH, Na,
Yes
Electrochemical [43]
Patch, sweat Physiological
health, blood
glucose
Glucose and pH
Yes
Electrochemical [44]
Patch, sweat Physiological
health
Hypoglycemia
Yes
Enzymatic fuel
cell
[45]
Wrist
wearable
pulsimeter
Blood
pressure
Pulse
No, but
wearable
Hall
measurement
[46]
Wearable
skin surface
Blood
pressure
Pulse wave
velocity
No, but
wearable
MEMS based
pressure sensor
[47]
Conductive
thread on
textile
–
Glucose and
lactate
Yes but
lacks
electronics
Electrochemical [48]
Implantable Optical
neural
simulators
Brain or neural
system
Implantable Optical
[49]
Implantable Respiration
and bacteria
detection
Saliva
Implantable Electrical
[50]
Tattoo,
sweat
Physiological
health
Glycemic, glucose Yes
Reverse
iontophoretic
and
amperometric
[51]
Tattoo,
sweat
Metabolic
disorder
Ammonia
Yes
Potentiometric
[52]
Tattoo,
sweat
Human
perspiration
Lactate
Yes
Electrochemical [53]
(continued)