298
G. Palani et al.
Table 12.3 List of considerable biomarkers for coronavirus disease, source from [78–80]
S. no
Biomarker
Normal patient
Affected patient Biological
samples
Reference
1
Serum ferritin
(ng/mL)
15.0–150.0
800.4
(452.9–1451.6)
Serum
[78]
2
C-reactive protein
(mg/L)
0–1
57.9
(20.9–103.2)
Plasma
[78]
3
Interleukin-2R
(U/mL)
223.0–710.0
757.0
(528.5–1136.3)
Serum
[79]
4
IL-6 (pg/mL)
0–7
7–9
Blood
[79]
5
Serum amyloid A
(SAA) (mg/L)
0–10
108.4
Saliva
[80]
duplicates per response (0.5 cp/μL). However, the affectability differs relying upon
the picked packs and PCR instrument.
12.6 Preventive Measures
Though we have tremendous development in technology most of the highly developed countries and developing countries haven’t find the vaccine for this coronavirus
disease-19, and still there is no confirmation of medications for this coronavirus, so
we need to protect and take of our self and our family members [60]. Some of the
precautions to be taken to avoid this virus are listed below:
(1) Limit close contact between infectious people and others. Ensure a social
distance of nearly around one meter from another person. In areas where
COVID-19 is circulating and the distance cannot assure us, so better wear
a mask [61].
(2) Find the infected people quickly and isolate them as much as soon and care
for and all of their close contacts can be quarantined in appropriate facilities.
(3) Clean hands, and during cough and sneezing cover with a cloth or tissue or
bent elbow at all times.
(4) Avoid public gatherings, close-contact meetings, and restricted and enclosed
spaces with poor ventilation.
(5) Indoor settings must be ensuring good ventilation, including homes and offices.
(6) Stay home if feeling unwell and call your medical provider as soon as possible
to determine whether medical care is needed [62].
(7) In countries or areas where COVID-19 is circulating, health workers should
use medical masks continuously in their daily activities in clinical areas in
health care facilities [81].
G. Palani et al.
Table 12.3 List of considerable biomarkers for coronavirus disease, source from [78–80]
S. no
Biomarker
Normal patient
Affected patient Biological
samples
Reference
1
Serum ferritin
(ng/mL)
15.0–150.0
800.4
(452.9–1451.6)
Serum
[78]
2
C-reactive protein
(mg/L)
0–1
57.9
(20.9–103.2)
Plasma
[78]
3
Interleukin-2R
(U/mL)
223.0–710.0
757.0
(528.5–1136.3)
Serum
[79]
4
IL-6 (pg/mL)
0–7
7–9
Blood
[79]
5
Serum amyloid A
(SAA) (mg/L)
0–10
108.4
Saliva
[80]
duplicates per response (0.5 cp/μL). However, the affectability differs relying upon
the picked packs and PCR instrument.
12.6 Preventive Measures
Though we have tremendous development in technology most of the highly developed countries and developing countries haven’t find the vaccine for this coronavirus
disease-19, and still there is no confirmation of medications for this coronavirus, so
we need to protect and take of our self and our family members [60]. Some of the
precautions to be taken to avoid this virus are listed below:
(1) Limit close contact between infectious people and others. Ensure a social
distance of nearly around one meter from another person. In areas where
COVID-19 is circulating and the distance cannot assure us, so better wear
a mask [61].
(2) Find the infected people quickly and isolate them as much as soon and care
for and all of their close contacts can be quarantined in appropriate facilities.
(3) Clean hands, and during cough and sneezing cover with a cloth or tissue or
bent elbow at all times.
(4) Avoid public gatherings, close-contact meetings, and restricted and enclosed
spaces with poor ventilation.
(5) Indoor settings must be ensuring good ventilation, including homes and offices.
(6) Stay home if feeling unwell and call your medical provider as soon as possible
to determine whether medical care is needed [62].
(7) In countries or areas where COVID-19 is circulating, health workers should
use medical masks continuously in their daily activities in clinical areas in
health care facilities [81].