groundwater contaminated sites and gradually explored the investigation and
assessment system for groundwater contaminated sites (Yin et al. 2011).
In 1997, Cai Shuying et al. used the refined second-order matrix method and
Monte Carlo method to predict and measure the risk probability of groundwater
pollution, and estimated the sensitivity and impact of various parameters (Cai and
Yang 1997). In 2006, Chen Honghan et al. building on domestic and foreign health
risk assessment methods for contaminated sites, proposed the concepts and measurement methods of “superimposed risks” and “cumulative health risks from
exposures to the same pollutant via multiple pathways” to make up for the deficiencies of prevailing methods (Chen et al. 2006). In 2007, Li Shaofei et al.
explored the risk assessment index system for groundwater environment, and
combined it with fuzzy mathematics to assess several typical areas of the Haihe
River Basin (Li et al. 2007). In 2011, Cai Wutian et al. carried out site identification, site walkover survey and pollution source tracking to examine the way of
pollutant transport in an OCS site in the Yizhong Plain, and further determined the
scope and depth of pollution through a combination of geophysical exploration,
trial pits and exploration drilling (Cai et al. 2011). This approach provided a basis
for oil field investigation. Zhang Jiashuang et al. investigated an OCS site in
Northeast China, used the risk assessment model for quantitative health risk
assessment for groundwater in the study area in accordance with relevant theory,
and obtained the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values at potential points
of human exposure (Zhang et al. 2010). In 2011, with Beijing Beitiantang Landfill
as an example, Hong Mei et al. proposed a methodology for groundwater pollution
risk assessment that took into account aquifer vulnerability and MSWLF nature
(Hong et al. 2011). Li Yan et al. calibrated the parameters of the RAIS model
according to the demographic characteristics of China and the pollutant types
specific to water source areas, and used the RAIS exposure dose calculation method
to evaluate the health risk of exposure through drinking water and skin contact (Li
et al. 2011). In 2012, Li Guanghe et al. constructed a parameter system for
assessing pollution source hazards that reflects pollution source characteristics and
pollutant properties, and built a model that couples the evaluation of pollution
source characteristic and pollutant properties (Jin et al. 2012, 2012). In 2016, Ren
Jianfei et al. simulated the vertical transformation of pollutants based on Hydrus-1d
models and evaluated the risk of groundwater pollution (Ren 2015).
Regarding technical standards, the Water Law of the People's Republic of China
and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Water
Pollution serve as the basic law on water environmental protection, and the
Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China targets environmental protection. Provisions on groundwater protection included in these laws are
limited to the basic principles and do not define specific work and responsibilities.
In practice, it is difficult to take effective measures to protect groundwater as
relevant departments shirk their responsibilities. In order to solve the problem of
increasingly prominent groundwater contamination, the former State Environmental
Protection Administration (SEPA) issued the Circular on Effective Prevention and
Control of Environmental Pollution for Industrial Enterprise Relocation (SEPA,
6
1 Introduction
assessment system for groundwater contaminated sites (Yin et al. 2011).
In 1997, Cai Shuying et al. used the refined second-order matrix method and
Monte Carlo method to predict and measure the risk probability of groundwater
pollution, and estimated the sensitivity and impact of various parameters (Cai and
Yang 1997). In 2006, Chen Honghan et al. building on domestic and foreign health
risk assessment methods for contaminated sites, proposed the concepts and measurement methods of “superimposed risks” and “cumulative health risks from
exposures to the same pollutant via multiple pathways” to make up for the deficiencies of prevailing methods (Chen et al. 2006). In 2007, Li Shaofei et al.
explored the risk assessment index system for groundwater environment, and
combined it with fuzzy mathematics to assess several typical areas of the Haihe
River Basin (Li et al. 2007). In 2011, Cai Wutian et al. carried out site identification, site walkover survey and pollution source tracking to examine the way of
pollutant transport in an OCS site in the Yizhong Plain, and further determined the
scope and depth of pollution through a combination of geophysical exploration,
trial pits and exploration drilling (Cai et al. 2011). This approach provided a basis
for oil field investigation. Zhang Jiashuang et al. investigated an OCS site in
Northeast China, used the risk assessment model for quantitative health risk
assessment for groundwater in the study area in accordance with relevant theory,
and obtained the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values at potential points
of human exposure (Zhang et al. 2010). In 2011, with Beijing Beitiantang Landfill
as an example, Hong Mei et al. proposed a methodology for groundwater pollution
risk assessment that took into account aquifer vulnerability and MSWLF nature
(Hong et al. 2011). Li Yan et al. calibrated the parameters of the RAIS model
according to the demographic characteristics of China and the pollutant types
specific to water source areas, and used the RAIS exposure dose calculation method
to evaluate the health risk of exposure through drinking water and skin contact (Li
et al. 2011). In 2012, Li Guanghe et al. constructed a parameter system for
assessing pollution source hazards that reflects pollution source characteristics and
pollutant properties, and built a model that couples the evaluation of pollution
source characteristic and pollutant properties (Jin et al. 2012, 2012). In 2016, Ren
Jianfei et al. simulated the vertical transformation of pollutants based on Hydrus-1d
models and evaluated the risk of groundwater pollution (Ren 2015).
Regarding technical standards, the Water Law of the People's Republic of China
and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Water
Pollution serve as the basic law on water environmental protection, and the
Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China targets environmental protection. Provisions on groundwater protection included in these laws are
limited to the basic principles and do not define specific work and responsibilities.
In practice, it is difficult to take effective measures to protect groundwater as
relevant departments shirk their responsibilities. In order to solve the problem of
increasingly prominent groundwater contamination, the former State Environmental
Protection Administration (SEPA) issued the Circular on Effective Prevention and
Control of Environmental Pollution for Industrial Enterprise Relocation (SEPA,
6
1 Introduction