The screening levels for ammonia nitrogen, fluoride, total phosphorus, and
aluminum are calculated using the HERA model (Table 5.32).
By comparing the results shown in Tables 5.19 and 5.29, the phosphorus concentration exceeds the screening level in nine monitoring sites and fluorine, in ZK1
and ZK2, while the aluminum concentration is below the screening level in nine
monitoring sites. Ammonia nitrogen poses no hazard as the pathway of exposure is
considered in this evaluation. Therefore, phosphorus and fluorine were identified as
focus pollutants in the landfill in Jiangxi Province.
(b) Toxicity assessment
Based on the results of hazard identification, the toxicity of focus pollutants is
assessed for the landfill in Jiangxi Province.
• Carcinogenicity identification
The carcinogenicity of focus pollutants is identified according to the findings of
IARC and IRIS. The IARC system for carcinogenicity classification is preferred,
followed by the US EPA system. As shown in Table 5.33, two focus pollutants are
identified to be carcinogenic.
• Toxicity values
The toxicity values of focus pollutants are as shown in Table 5.34.
(c) Exposure assessment
• Types of land use
In this health risk assessment, the in situ land use is categorized into non-sensitive
land and the off-site land use into sensitive land, considering the hydrogeological
conditions of the site and groundwater utilization of the surrounding area. The site
contamination plume covers groundwater that is used as a drinking water source.
• Source-pathway-receptor analysis
– Pollution sources
Since this study aims to assess the human health risks of groundwater in contaminated sites, the pollution sources are deemed to be contaminated groundwater in
the given landfill in Hubei Province.
– Pollutant migration pathways
The landfill in Jiangxi Province is built on a reservoir, and 100 m away from it, a
river runs through the study area. Waste is stacked in the open air in the landfill
without any measures for seepage control or cover. Groundwater exists in the form
5.1 Central China
143
aluminum are calculated using the HERA model (Table 5.32).
By comparing the results shown in Tables 5.19 and 5.29, the phosphorus concentration exceeds the screening level in nine monitoring sites and fluorine, in ZK1
and ZK2, while the aluminum concentration is below the screening level in nine
monitoring sites. Ammonia nitrogen poses no hazard as the pathway of exposure is
considered in this evaluation. Therefore, phosphorus and fluorine were identified as
focus pollutants in the landfill in Jiangxi Province.
(b) Toxicity assessment
Based on the results of hazard identification, the toxicity of focus pollutants is
assessed for the landfill in Jiangxi Province.
• Carcinogenicity identification
The carcinogenicity of focus pollutants is identified according to the findings of
IARC and IRIS. The IARC system for carcinogenicity classification is preferred,
followed by the US EPA system. As shown in Table 5.33, two focus pollutants are
identified to be carcinogenic.
• Toxicity values
The toxicity values of focus pollutants are as shown in Table 5.34.
(c) Exposure assessment
• Types of land use
In this health risk assessment, the in situ land use is categorized into non-sensitive
land and the off-site land use into sensitive land, considering the hydrogeological
conditions of the site and groundwater utilization of the surrounding area. The site
contamination plume covers groundwater that is used as a drinking water source.
• Source-pathway-receptor analysis
– Pollution sources
Since this study aims to assess the human health risks of groundwater in contaminated sites, the pollution sources are deemed to be contaminated groundwater in
the given landfill in Hubei Province.
– Pollutant migration pathways
The landfill in Jiangxi Province is built on a reservoir, and 100 m away from it, a
river runs through the study area. Waste is stacked in the open air in the landfill
without any measures for seepage control or cover. Groundwater exists in the form
5.1 Central China
143