190
C. Dalhammar et al.
networks; and (d) enabling conditions (i.e. policies and infrastructure) (Planing
2015). Moving towards the CE without policy interventions will not be possible.
It requires both changes in existing policies (e.g. existing rules on recycling, ecolabels etc.) as well as new policies (Milios 2018; European Commission 2015).
Further, these policy interventions should take place at several levels: local, regional
and national authorities are encouraged to support the transition, while the EU
has the main responsibility for developing the right regulatory framework for the
development of Circular Economy in the EU single market.
14.2.2 Policies and Laws
In this paper we are primarily interested in ‘policy instruments’, i.e. interventions
made by governments/public authorities at various levels (including the EU level
as well as national/regional/local levels) which are intended to achieve outcomes
which conform to the objectives of public policy. Different authors use different
classifications of policy instruments, but all classifications tend to at least include
the categories (a) administrative (regulatory or mandatory); (b) economic (marketbased), and (c) informative instruments.
Laws are typically used to implement these policy instruments. In some cases,
laws influence how policy instruments can be applied. An example concerns EU rules
on public procurement: these do not regulate which sustainability criteria EU member
states may use in GPP, but sets the framework for all procurement practice, which
can also influence GPP practices and criteria. For instance, member states should not
apply GPP criteria that favors domestic manufacturers over manufacturers in other
EU member states.
14.2.3 Policy Coordination and Harmonization, and Related
Terminology
With a growing number of policies, it is important to coordinate between policies.
A first question concerns how we use terms like ‘policy coordination’ and ‘policy
harmonization’, as these concepts tend to be used in different ways. Table 14.2
outlines how we define these concepts, as well as some additional ones, for the
purposes of this paper.
An important aim is to design a policy mix where policies are integrated and/or
harmonized, and when this is not possible, at least coordinated. Faure and Dalhammar
have discussed some key principles for design of a policy mix (Faure and Dalhammar
2018), which include the identification and management of trade-offs between
different policy goals, and using realistic assumptions when choosing the appropriate
policy instruments.
C. Dalhammar et al.
networks; and (d) enabling conditions (i.e. policies and infrastructure) (Planing
2015). Moving towards the CE without policy interventions will not be possible.
It requires both changes in existing policies (e.g. existing rules on recycling, ecolabels etc.) as well as new policies (Milios 2018; European Commission 2015).
Further, these policy interventions should take place at several levels: local, regional
and national authorities are encouraged to support the transition, while the EU
has the main responsibility for developing the right regulatory framework for the
development of Circular Economy in the EU single market.
14.2.2 Policies and Laws
In this paper we are primarily interested in ‘policy instruments’, i.e. interventions
made by governments/public authorities at various levels (including the EU level
as well as national/regional/local levels) which are intended to achieve outcomes
which conform to the objectives of public policy. Different authors use different
classifications of policy instruments, but all classifications tend to at least include
the categories (a) administrative (regulatory or mandatory); (b) economic (marketbased), and (c) informative instruments.
Laws are typically used to implement these policy instruments. In some cases,
laws influence how policy instruments can be applied. An example concerns EU rules
on public procurement: these do not regulate which sustainability criteria EU member
states may use in GPP, but sets the framework for all procurement practice, which
can also influence GPP practices and criteria. For instance, member states should not
apply GPP criteria that favors domestic manufacturers over manufacturers in other
EU member states.
14.2.3 Policy Coordination and Harmonization, and Related
Terminology
With a growing number of policies, it is important to coordinate between policies.
A first question concerns how we use terms like ‘policy coordination’ and ‘policy
harmonization’, as these concepts tend to be used in different ways. Table 14.2
outlines how we define these concepts, as well as some additional ones, for the
purposes of this paper.
An important aim is to design a policy mix where policies are integrated and/or
harmonized, and when this is not possible, at least coordinated. Faure and Dalhammar
have discussed some key principles for design of a policy mix (Faure and Dalhammar
2018), which include the identification and management of trade-offs between
different policy goals, and using realistic assumptions when choosing the appropriate
policy instruments.