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seek biologically active peptide from sponges. Tetradecapeptide Discodermins was
the first bioactive peptide obtained from sponges showing inhibitory action for cell
growth. Discodermins A–H, a BAP, isolated from genus sponges, Discodermia,
consist of 13–14 linearly-aligned amino acid forming a ring by a cyclic ester of
carboxy end with threonine element. These BAPs are characterized by their cytotoxic ability and were used for analysis against A549 cell line of human lung and
P388 cancerous cells of rodents. In cell membrane of smooth muscles, Discodermins
A can potentially act as a permeabilizing agent (Aneiros and Garateix 2004).
Geodiamolides A–G, is a BAP obtained from a specie of Geodia, Caribbean
sponge. Another peptide jaspamide, similar to Geodiamolides, has cytotoxic property and consist of a cyclic ring of three amino acid. Arenastatin A, desipeptide, is a
cyclic ring isolated from a powerful cytotoxic agent that is profoundly used against
KB cells. Phakellistatins is a heptapeptide ring with abundance of proline.
Phakellistatin 2 is particularly considered as valuable owing to its powerful biological action against various skin cancer cell lines and P388 cancerous cells of rodents
(Pettit et al. 1993).
Biologically active antifungal peptides, Discobahamin A and B, were isolated
from the Bahamian marine sponge living in deep water belonging to Discodermia
sp. that have inhibitory action against the growth of Candida albicans (Gunasekera
et al. 1994).
Antifungal and cytotoxic depsipeptides Halicylindramides A– E was isolated
from the Halichondria cylindrata, a Japanese marine sponge. Halicylindramides
A–C are tetradecapeptides that form a cyclic ester with threonine residue while
Halicylindramide E is a trimmed straight peptide having an amide group at C-end
(Li et al. 1995, 1996).
C–E cyclic peptides obtained from the sponge species, Microscleroderma
Theonella and Microsclerodermins were also noted to have biological action against
fungi. Other bioactive peptides, Theonegramide and Aciculitins A–C isolated from
sponges were also noted to have effective anti-fungal action (Schmidt and
Faulkner 1998).
Linear and ring BAP Dolastatins derived from Dolabella auricularia mollusk,
have the ability to retard the cell growth. A large number of Dolastatin BAPs have
been isolated from mollusks. Dolastatin 10, in particular is an apentapeptide derived
from mollusk has found an application in the treatment of cancer against the cell
line P388. In addition, Dolastatin 10 also retarded the polymerization of tubulin
protein and hydrolysis of Guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) that rely on tubulin. On
the other hand, Dolastatin 11 induced huge alignment of the actin filament of the
cells followed by fixing the cells at cytoplasmic division and also caused more and
more polymerization of actin. When compared to depsipeptide Jasplakinolide
(derived from sponges), Dolastatin 11 showed a three-fold higher cytotoxicity than
Jasplakinolide against the studied cells (Bai et al. 2001).
Depsipeptide such as Tamandris A and B derived from the ascidian belonging to
family Didemnidae are efficient in cytotoxic action. Analysis of Tamandris and
Didemnin as anticancer agent have shown that Tamandris was a little bit more powerful than Didemnin (Vervoort et al. 2000). Depsipeptide such as didemnin, have
5 Bioactive Peptides and Their Natural Sources
seek biologically active peptide from sponges. Tetradecapeptide Discodermins was
the first bioactive peptide obtained from sponges showing inhibitory action for cell
growth. Discodermins A–H, a BAP, isolated from genus sponges, Discodermia,
consist of 13–14 linearly-aligned amino acid forming a ring by a cyclic ester of
carboxy end with threonine element. These BAPs are characterized by their cytotoxic ability and were used for analysis against A549 cell line of human lung and
P388 cancerous cells of rodents. In cell membrane of smooth muscles, Discodermins
A can potentially act as a permeabilizing agent (Aneiros and Garateix 2004).
Geodiamolides A–G, is a BAP obtained from a specie of Geodia, Caribbean
sponge. Another peptide jaspamide, similar to Geodiamolides, has cytotoxic property and consist of a cyclic ring of three amino acid. Arenastatin A, desipeptide, is a
cyclic ring isolated from a powerful cytotoxic agent that is profoundly used against
KB cells. Phakellistatins is a heptapeptide ring with abundance of proline.
Phakellistatin 2 is particularly considered as valuable owing to its powerful biological action against various skin cancer cell lines and P388 cancerous cells of rodents
(Pettit et al. 1993).
Biologically active antifungal peptides, Discobahamin A and B, were isolated
from the Bahamian marine sponge living in deep water belonging to Discodermia
sp. that have inhibitory action against the growth of Candida albicans (Gunasekera
et al. 1994).
Antifungal and cytotoxic depsipeptides Halicylindramides A– E was isolated
from the Halichondria cylindrata, a Japanese marine sponge. Halicylindramides
A–C are tetradecapeptides that form a cyclic ester with threonine residue while
Halicylindramide E is a trimmed straight peptide having an amide group at C-end
(Li et al. 1995, 1996).
C–E cyclic peptides obtained from the sponge species, Microscleroderma
Theonella and Microsclerodermins were also noted to have biological action against
fungi. Other bioactive peptides, Theonegramide and Aciculitins A–C isolated from
sponges were also noted to have effective anti-fungal action (Schmidt and
Faulkner 1998).
Linear and ring BAP Dolastatins derived from Dolabella auricularia mollusk,
have the ability to retard the cell growth. A large number of Dolastatin BAPs have
been isolated from mollusks. Dolastatin 10, in particular is an apentapeptide derived
from mollusk has found an application in the treatment of cancer against the cell
line P388. In addition, Dolastatin 10 also retarded the polymerization of tubulin
protein and hydrolysis of Guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) that rely on tubulin. On
the other hand, Dolastatin 11 induced huge alignment of the actin filament of the
cells followed by fixing the cells at cytoplasmic division and also caused more and
more polymerization of actin. When compared to depsipeptide Jasplakinolide
(derived from sponges), Dolastatin 11 showed a three-fold higher cytotoxicity than
Jasplakinolide against the studied cells (Bai et al. 2001).
Depsipeptide such as Tamandris A and B derived from the ascidian belonging to
family Didemnidae are efficient in cytotoxic action. Analysis of Tamandris and
Didemnin as anticancer agent have shown that Tamandris was a little bit more powerful than Didemnin (Vervoort et al. 2000). Depsipeptide such as didemnin, have
5 Bioactive Peptides and Their Natural Sources