498
(Sazdanić et al. 2019), roots of lobe Kudzu vine (Luo et al. 2017), Ononsis spinosa
(Addotey et al. 2018) and Glycyrrhiza glabra have been studied. All these plant
root extracts contain different quantities and combinations, depending on the place
of growth, nutrient availability and several other factors. However, the isoflavones
present in all these root extracts are proven to be useful for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
22.6.3 Seed Extracts
The seed extracts of plants from the Fabaceae family were also reported to possess
isoflavones with cardiovascular effects. It is noteworthy that the hydroalcoholic
seed extracts of Securigera securidaca possess a high concentration of isoflavone
which possess enhanced vascular reactivity, decrease lipid levels, peroxidation,
atherosclerotic lesion and improves vascular endothelial-dependent relaxation in
hypercholesterolemia (Garjani et al. 2009). Similarly, the proteins extracted from
the seeds of Lupinus albus are proved to be natural isoflavone-poor legume.
However, these protein extracts are proven to reduce hypercholesterolemic condition and elevate low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity in human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2) which will be beneficial in reducing the hyper-cholesterol
related cardiovascular illness (D’Agostina et al. 2004). Further, the isoflavone levels in the seed of G. max has been increased via metabolic engineering of phenylpropanoid pathway genes and expressing maize C1 and R transcription factors.
These modifications lead to decreased genistein and increase the daidzein levels in
the overall isoflavone level. These molecular engineering methods were useful in
the accumulation of isoflavone in the seeds of soy bean which will yield more isoflavones to formulate drugs for cardiovascular diseases (Yu et al. 2003). In recent
times, it has been revealed that the presence of isoflavone in seed extracts of G. max
is influenced by genotype and environment as well as the infestation of seeds by
nematodes. The direct relationship between soybean cyst nematode and seed isoflavone concentration are emphasized to be useful in elevating the stability of isoflavones, which will be beneficial in yielding better quality isoflavones for the
treatment of serious cardiovascular ailments (Carter et al. 2018). Further, the estrogenic activity of T. pratense seed extract was evaluated recently and the result
revealed that the concentration of isoflavones, especially formononetin, plays a
major role in their estrogenic activity which reduces menopause related cardiovascular diseases in women (Budryn et al. 2018). Moreover, the addition of soy and
lotus seeds with isoflavones in the rice porridge increases its nutritional value and
increases the antioxidant activity which can be taken as a food to strengthen the
heart valves and improve cardiac functions among cardiovascular patients (Kim
et al. 2019).
S. Das et al.
(Sazdanić et al. 2019), roots of lobe Kudzu vine (Luo et al. 2017), Ononsis spinosa
(Addotey et al. 2018) and Glycyrrhiza glabra have been studied. All these plant
root extracts contain different quantities and combinations, depending on the place
of growth, nutrient availability and several other factors. However, the isoflavones
present in all these root extracts are proven to be useful for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
22.6.3 Seed Extracts
The seed extracts of plants from the Fabaceae family were also reported to possess
isoflavones with cardiovascular effects. It is noteworthy that the hydroalcoholic
seed extracts of Securigera securidaca possess a high concentration of isoflavone
which possess enhanced vascular reactivity, decrease lipid levels, peroxidation,
atherosclerotic lesion and improves vascular endothelial-dependent relaxation in
hypercholesterolemia (Garjani et al. 2009). Similarly, the proteins extracted from
the seeds of Lupinus albus are proved to be natural isoflavone-poor legume.
However, these protein extracts are proven to reduce hypercholesterolemic condition and elevate low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity in human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2) which will be beneficial in reducing the hyper-cholesterol
related cardiovascular illness (D’Agostina et al. 2004). Further, the isoflavone levels in the seed of G. max has been increased via metabolic engineering of phenylpropanoid pathway genes and expressing maize C1 and R transcription factors.
These modifications lead to decreased genistein and increase the daidzein levels in
the overall isoflavone level. These molecular engineering methods were useful in
the accumulation of isoflavone in the seeds of soy bean which will yield more isoflavones to formulate drugs for cardiovascular diseases (Yu et al. 2003). In recent
times, it has been revealed that the presence of isoflavone in seed extracts of G. max
is influenced by genotype and environment as well as the infestation of seeds by
nematodes. The direct relationship between soybean cyst nematode and seed isoflavone concentration are emphasized to be useful in elevating the stability of isoflavones, which will be beneficial in yielding better quality isoflavones for the
treatment of serious cardiovascular ailments (Carter et al. 2018). Further, the estrogenic activity of T. pratense seed extract was evaluated recently and the result
revealed that the concentration of isoflavones, especially formononetin, plays a
major role in their estrogenic activity which reduces menopause related cardiovascular diseases in women (Budryn et al. 2018). Moreover, the addition of soy and
lotus seeds with isoflavones in the rice porridge increases its nutritional value and
increases the antioxidant activity which can be taken as a food to strengthen the
heart valves and improve cardiac functions among cardiovascular patients (Kim
et al. 2019).
S. Das et al.