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22.6 Distribution of Isoflavone in Different Plants Parts
22.6.1 Leaf Extracts
Isoflavones are widely extracted from the leaves of Fabaceae plants as they are easy
to extract and are present in large quantities (Ameer et al. 2017). Schotia brachypetala is a South African endemic tree that belongs to the Fabaceae family, where
the isoflavones are extracted from their leaves using hydro-alcohol as solvents. The
result revealed that the isoflavones are present in high quantity. Other phytochemicals that are present in the extracts are flavonoid glycosides, dihydrochalcones, galloylated flavonoid glycosides, anthocyanins, procyanidins, hydroxy benzoic acid
derivatives, methyl traces, hydrolysable tannins and acetylated flavonoid derivatives. The synergistic effect of all these phytochemicals in the extracts exhibited
enhanced antioxidant activity, both in vitro and in vivo models which will be beneficial in reducing and preventing cardiovascular diseases (Sobeh et al. 2016).
Similarly, the liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis of isoflavones that are extracted from the dried blooming aerial parts (herbal leaves) of six
different Fabaceae family plants. The result revealed that the combination of isoflavone compound is different in each plant, where Trifolium pratense, Trifolium
repens and Genistella sagittalis contains a high concentration of heterosides such as
diadzin, genistin, ononin and glycosylated precursors such as daidzein, formononetin and genistein. The study also reported that the presence of different isoflavone
combinations in leaves of Fabaceae family makes them a better candidate for
extracting isoflavones with positive cardiovascular effects. Further, it was also
reported that the leaf extract of T. pannanicum ad T. pratense contains large quantity and different type of isoflavones that possess enhanced estrogenic, antioxidative, antiangiogenic and anticancer activities which are beneficial in reducing
menopausal complaints and preventing cardiovascular diseases (KolodziejczykCzepas 2012). Also, it is noteworthy that the leaf extract of T. palladium and T. scabrum also possess a unique combination of isoflavones that lead to their enhanced
antiplatelet activities to prevent cardiovascular diseases (Kolodziejczyk-Czepas
et al. 2013).
Moreover, isoflavone malonyl glucosides are extracted from the leaves of
T. pratense (red clover) (Toebes et al. 2005) and these isoflavone type are reported
to be useful in preventing cancer, cardiovascular diseases and gynaecological problems (Watanabe et al. 2002). The leaves of nine Fabaceae plants such as Biserrula
pelecinus, Lotus conimbricensis, Lotus subbiflorus, Ornithopus compressus,
Ornithopus pinnatus, Ornithopus sativus, Scorpiurus muricatus, Scorpiurus vermiculata and Scorpiurus vermiculatus were used to extract isoflavones. The result
revealed that the isoflavone profiles of each plant are different and the high content
of O-methylated isoflavone named biochanin A in lotus species and B. pelecinus
will help in the neuroprotective, nephroprotective and cardioprotective activities of
S. Das et al.
22.6 Distribution of Isoflavone in Different Plants Parts
22.6.1 Leaf Extracts
Isoflavones are widely extracted from the leaves of Fabaceae plants as they are easy
to extract and are present in large quantities (Ameer et al. 2017). Schotia brachypetala is a South African endemic tree that belongs to the Fabaceae family, where
the isoflavones are extracted from their leaves using hydro-alcohol as solvents. The
result revealed that the isoflavones are present in high quantity. Other phytochemicals that are present in the extracts are flavonoid glycosides, dihydrochalcones, galloylated flavonoid glycosides, anthocyanins, procyanidins, hydroxy benzoic acid
derivatives, methyl traces, hydrolysable tannins and acetylated flavonoid derivatives. The synergistic effect of all these phytochemicals in the extracts exhibited
enhanced antioxidant activity, both in vitro and in vivo models which will be beneficial in reducing and preventing cardiovascular diseases (Sobeh et al. 2016).
Similarly, the liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis of isoflavones that are extracted from the dried blooming aerial parts (herbal leaves) of six
different Fabaceae family plants. The result revealed that the combination of isoflavone compound is different in each plant, where Trifolium pratense, Trifolium
repens and Genistella sagittalis contains a high concentration of heterosides such as
diadzin, genistin, ononin and glycosylated precursors such as daidzein, formononetin and genistein. The study also reported that the presence of different isoflavone
combinations in leaves of Fabaceae family makes them a better candidate for
extracting isoflavones with positive cardiovascular effects. Further, it was also
reported that the leaf extract of T. pannanicum ad T. pratense contains large quantity and different type of isoflavones that possess enhanced estrogenic, antioxidative, antiangiogenic and anticancer activities which are beneficial in reducing
menopausal complaints and preventing cardiovascular diseases (KolodziejczykCzepas 2012). Also, it is noteworthy that the leaf extract of T. palladium and T. scabrum also possess a unique combination of isoflavones that lead to their enhanced
antiplatelet activities to prevent cardiovascular diseases (Kolodziejczyk-Czepas
et al. 2013).
Moreover, isoflavone malonyl glucosides are extracted from the leaves of
T. pratense (red clover) (Toebes et al. 2005) and these isoflavone type are reported
to be useful in preventing cancer, cardiovascular diseases and gynaecological problems (Watanabe et al. 2002). The leaves of nine Fabaceae plants such as Biserrula
pelecinus, Lotus conimbricensis, Lotus subbiflorus, Ornithopus compressus,
Ornithopus pinnatus, Ornithopus sativus, Scorpiurus muricatus, Scorpiurus vermiculata and Scorpiurus vermiculatus were used to extract isoflavones. The result
revealed that the isoflavone profiles of each plant are different and the high content
of O-methylated isoflavone named biochanin A in lotus species and B. pelecinus
will help in the neuroprotective, nephroprotective and cardioprotective activities of
S. Das et al.