416
GLUT-4
Glucose transporter type 4
HbA1c
Glycated haemoglobin
HDLc
High density lipoprotein-cholesterol
hsCRP
High sensitivity C-reactive protein
IL-1
Interleukin 1
IL-1β
Interleukin 1beta
iNOS
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
LDLc
Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol
LPL
Lipoprotein lipase
LPS
Lipopolysaccharide
NF-κB
Nuclear factor-kappa B
NO
Nitric oxide
PDGF
Platelet-derived growth factor
PGE 2
Prostaglandin E 2
PPARα
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
PPARγ
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PPARγ1
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 1
PPREs
Peroxisome proliferator response elements
ROS
Reactive oxygen species
RXR-α
Retinoid X receptor alpha
sICAM-1
Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1
sVCAM-1 Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
T2D
Type-2 diabetes
TNF-α
Tumour necrosis factor alpha
UCP
Uncoupling protein
WAT
White adipose tissue
20.1 Introduction
Carotenoids are a class of orange, yellow and red-pigmented poly-isoprenoid hydrocarbons produced by prokaryotic cells, higher plants and concentrating in animal
lipid (Najm and Lie 2008). About, 700 distinctive carotenoids exist in plants as well
as some group of algae and fungi. In animals and plants, they act as pigments
accountable for several and striking colors present in nature (Hammond Jr and Renz
2013). The word carotenoids was coined from the name carrot (Daucus carota) and
together with anthocyanins, they are the most compounded group of non-artificial
food colorants and they are documented to have more 750 different structures
(Zakynthinos and Varzakas 2016). They contain about 15 conjugated double bonds
and they are divided into two main classes with respect to their chemical structures:
the pure hydrocarbons such as β-carotene and the oxygenated analogs like zeaxanthin, which are also called xanthophylls (Zakynthinos and Varzakas 2016).
Furthermore, they are hydrophobic, soluble in organic solvents (methanol, acetone,
A. Olatunde et al.
GLUT-4
Glucose transporter type 4
HbA1c
Glycated haemoglobin
HDLc
High density lipoprotein-cholesterol
hsCRP
High sensitivity C-reactive protein
IL-1
Interleukin 1
IL-1β
Interleukin 1beta
iNOS
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
LDLc
Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol
LPL
Lipoprotein lipase
LPS
Lipopolysaccharide
NF-κB
Nuclear factor-kappa B
NO
Nitric oxide
PDGF
Platelet-derived growth factor
PGE 2
Prostaglandin E 2
PPARα
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
PPARγ
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PPARγ1
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 1
PPREs
Peroxisome proliferator response elements
ROS
Reactive oxygen species
RXR-α
Retinoid X receptor alpha
sICAM-1
Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1
sVCAM-1 Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
T2D
Type-2 diabetes
TNF-α
Tumour necrosis factor alpha
UCP
Uncoupling protein
WAT
White adipose tissue
20.1 Introduction
Carotenoids are a class of orange, yellow and red-pigmented poly-isoprenoid hydrocarbons produced by prokaryotic cells, higher plants and concentrating in animal
lipid (Najm and Lie 2008). About, 700 distinctive carotenoids exist in plants as well
as some group of algae and fungi. In animals and plants, they act as pigments
accountable for several and striking colors present in nature (Hammond Jr and Renz
2013). The word carotenoids was coined from the name carrot (Daucus carota) and
together with anthocyanins, they are the most compounded group of non-artificial
food colorants and they are documented to have more 750 different structures
(Zakynthinos and Varzakas 2016). They contain about 15 conjugated double bonds
and they are divided into two main classes with respect to their chemical structures:
the pure hydrocarbons such as β-carotene and the oxygenated analogs like zeaxanthin, which are also called xanthophylls (Zakynthinos and Varzakas 2016).
Furthermore, they are hydrophobic, soluble in organic solvents (methanol, acetone,
A. Olatunde et al.