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They are potent antibacterial compounds when tested on Gram positive than Gramnegative bacteria (Park et al. 2004; Friedman 2007).
Quercetin
Quercetins are flavonoids with reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
(Chen et al. 2016; Hisanaga et al. 2016). They are also important compounds in the
prevention of cardiovascular diseases (Guillermo-Gormaz et al. 2015). Other activities of quercetin include their anti-influenza A virus activities, antiulcer, antiallergy,
and anti-proliferative effects (Al-Jabban et al. 2015). The free radical scavenging
activities of quercetin (Andarwulan et al. 2010) has been linked with the orthodihydroxy substitution in their B-ring and their enol moiety in the A-ring (Murota
and Terao 2003). These structural features allows quercetin to form additional
H-bond with 4-keto group (Murota and Terao 2003). Other bioactivities of quercetins include their anticancer and antidiabetic activities (Hashemzaei et al. 2017;
Srinivasan et al. 2018).
Resveratrol
Resveratrol (5-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene-1,3-diol) is a dietary
polyphenol, belonging to the stilbenes group and naturally occurring in fruits and
food products (Bhat et al. 2001; Harikumar and Aggarwal 2008) and active during response to injury, fungal attack, or other environmental stress (Baur and
Sinclair 2006; Aguirre et al. 2014). Resveratrols are potent antioxidant compounds (Olas et al. 2001) and important in strengthening of the muscle cells
(Dolinsky et al. 2012). They are used in the treatment of inflammation, regulation
of body metabolism (Palsamy and Subramanian 2009), and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes (Shin et al. 2010), cardiovascular diseases, and
cancer (Sun et al. 2008).
Rutin
Rutein is a glycoside of quercetin (3-O-rhamnoglucoside), the most abundant flavonol in vegetable and fruit and widely studies polyphenol (Sharma et al. 2013;
Hosseinzadeh and Nassiri-Asl 2014). Rutein is similarly known as quercetin-3-Orutinoside (Erlund et al. 2000). Rutein is important as an anticancer, antihypertension, and anti- hypercholesterolemic compound (Erlund et al. 2000).
Studies has indicated that rutein increase the concentrations of High Density
Lipoproteins (HDL) and decreases the levels of Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL-c)
in diabetic patients (Sattanathan et al. 2010).
Curcumin
Curcumin is a 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, also
known as diferuloylmethane. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol strongly found in
rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa and are also available in others species of
Curcuma (Aggarwal et al. 2003). Curcuma longa is a medicinal herb which has
wide traditional uses due to its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimutagenic properties (Mahady et al. 2002; Reddy et al. 2005; VeraRamirez et al. 2013; Wright et al. 2013; Lestari and Indrayanto 2014). Curcumin is
relatively safe in its medicinal usage (Wilken et al. 2011).
19 Polyphenols: Classifications, Biosynthesis and Bioactivities
They are potent antibacterial compounds when tested on Gram positive than Gramnegative bacteria (Park et al. 2004; Friedman 2007).
Quercetin
Quercetins are flavonoids with reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
(Chen et al. 2016; Hisanaga et al. 2016). They are also important compounds in the
prevention of cardiovascular diseases (Guillermo-Gormaz et al. 2015). Other activities of quercetin include their anti-influenza A virus activities, antiulcer, antiallergy,
and anti-proliferative effects (Al-Jabban et al. 2015). The free radical scavenging
activities of quercetin (Andarwulan et al. 2010) has been linked with the orthodihydroxy substitution in their B-ring and their enol moiety in the A-ring (Murota
and Terao 2003). These structural features allows quercetin to form additional
H-bond with 4-keto group (Murota and Terao 2003). Other bioactivities of quercetins include their anticancer and antidiabetic activities (Hashemzaei et al. 2017;
Srinivasan et al. 2018).
Resveratrol
Resveratrol (5-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene-1,3-diol) is a dietary
polyphenol, belonging to the stilbenes group and naturally occurring in fruits and
food products (Bhat et al. 2001; Harikumar and Aggarwal 2008) and active during response to injury, fungal attack, or other environmental stress (Baur and
Sinclair 2006; Aguirre et al. 2014). Resveratrols are potent antioxidant compounds (Olas et al. 2001) and important in strengthening of the muscle cells
(Dolinsky et al. 2012). They are used in the treatment of inflammation, regulation
of body metabolism (Palsamy and Subramanian 2009), and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes (Shin et al. 2010), cardiovascular diseases, and
cancer (Sun et al. 2008).
Rutin
Rutein is a glycoside of quercetin (3-O-rhamnoglucoside), the most abundant flavonol in vegetable and fruit and widely studies polyphenol (Sharma et al. 2013;
Hosseinzadeh and Nassiri-Asl 2014). Rutein is similarly known as quercetin-3-Orutinoside (Erlund et al. 2000). Rutein is important as an anticancer, antihypertension, and anti- hypercholesterolemic compound (Erlund et al. 2000).
Studies has indicated that rutein increase the concentrations of High Density
Lipoproteins (HDL) and decreases the levels of Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL-c)
in diabetic patients (Sattanathan et al. 2010).
Curcumin
Curcumin is a 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, also
known as diferuloylmethane. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol strongly found in
rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa and are also available in others species of
Curcuma (Aggarwal et al. 2003). Curcuma longa is a medicinal herb which has
wide traditional uses due to its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimutagenic properties (Mahady et al. 2002; Reddy et al. 2005; VeraRamirez et al. 2013; Wright et al. 2013; Lestari and Indrayanto 2014). Curcumin is
relatively safe in its medicinal usage (Wilken et al. 2011).
19 Polyphenols: Classifications, Biosynthesis and Bioactivities