313
has also observed between species (Leal et al. 2013). The energy value for mushrooms ranges between 269 and 413.46 kcal/100 g dry weight in Lycoperdon
umbrinum and Craterellus cornucopioides (Beluhan and Ranogajec 2011; Pereira
et al. 2012). The two major forms of sugar detected in mushrooms are mannitol
and trehalose. Basically, mannitol contributes in growth and firmness of fruiting
body and can vary from species to species, it is abundantly present in wild mushrooms (Kalač 2009). In wild mushrooms, mannitol ranges between 11.03 and
43.34 g/100 g dry weight, the lowest and highest values has been observed in
Lyophyllum decastes and Clavariadelphus truncates, whereas in cultivated species the highest amount of mannitol has detected in Agaricus bisporus
(64.15 g/100 g dry weight) and the lowest amount has detected in Lentinula edodes
(49.51 g/100 g dry weight), respectively (Pereira et al. 2012; Reis et al. 2012).
Trehalose, found profusely from a range of 14.21 to 25.57 g/100 g dry weight in
Pleurotus eryngii and Chlorophyllum rhacodes, respectively, however in cultivated mushrooms the value of trehalose has detected to be 72.82, 42.82 and
60.51 g/100 g dry weight, the lowest and highest has been recorded in Pleurotus
eryngii, Coprinus comatus and Cortinarius praestans, respectively (Pereira et al.
2012; Reis et al. 2012; Vaz et al. 2011). Other than mannitol and trehalose, low
content of other sugars like sucrose, fructose, mannose, and arabinose has also
been detected in mushrooms.
Mushrooms (wild or cultivated), are capable of accumulating micro and
macro minerals in their fruiting bodies to perform several functions. The trace
mineral contents for different species of mushrooms are given in Table 17.2. Few
minerals like, Iron (Fe), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) are abundantly present in mushroom fruiting bodies (Wang et al. 2014). The other minerals detected
in mushrooms includes Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na),
Manganese (Mn) and Copper (Cu). The mineral content in the fruiting body
depends on the type of species or on the substrate on which they are cultivated.
The highest and lowest potassium content has been detected in Macrocybe
gigantea and Volvopluteus gloiocephalus from a range of 1300 to 46,926 μg/g
dry weight (Heleno et al. 2015a). While, the highest and lowest phosphorus content has been estimated in Lentinus cladopus and Stropharia rugosoannulata
from 1005 to 7290 μg/g dry weight, respectively (Liu et al. 2012b; Mallikarjuna
et al. 2012). For other elements like Mg, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn, a huge variation in
values have been reported, ranging from 88 to 2289, 1.53 to 88.8, 0.03 to 103.9,
0.02 to 6762 and 0.94 to118.84 μg/g dry weight, respectively. Along with beneficial minerals some toxic minerals like, Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Cadmium
(Cd) and Arsenic (As) have also been detected in fruiting bodies. These toxic
elements are absent or very less in the cultivated species of mushrooms
(Mallikarjuna et al. 2012).
17 Mushroom: Nutraceutical, Mineral, Proximate Constituents and Bioactive…
has also observed between species (Leal et al. 2013). The energy value for mushrooms ranges between 269 and 413.46 kcal/100 g dry weight in Lycoperdon
umbrinum and Craterellus cornucopioides (Beluhan and Ranogajec 2011; Pereira
et al. 2012). The two major forms of sugar detected in mushrooms are mannitol
and trehalose. Basically, mannitol contributes in growth and firmness of fruiting
body and can vary from species to species, it is abundantly present in wild mushrooms (Kalač 2009). In wild mushrooms, mannitol ranges between 11.03 and
43.34 g/100 g dry weight, the lowest and highest values has been observed in
Lyophyllum decastes and Clavariadelphus truncates, whereas in cultivated species the highest amount of mannitol has detected in Agaricus bisporus
(64.15 g/100 g dry weight) and the lowest amount has detected in Lentinula edodes
(49.51 g/100 g dry weight), respectively (Pereira et al. 2012; Reis et al. 2012).
Trehalose, found profusely from a range of 14.21 to 25.57 g/100 g dry weight in
Pleurotus eryngii and Chlorophyllum rhacodes, respectively, however in cultivated mushrooms the value of trehalose has detected to be 72.82, 42.82 and
60.51 g/100 g dry weight, the lowest and highest has been recorded in Pleurotus
eryngii, Coprinus comatus and Cortinarius praestans, respectively (Pereira et al.
2012; Reis et al. 2012; Vaz et al. 2011). Other than mannitol and trehalose, low
content of other sugars like sucrose, fructose, mannose, and arabinose has also
been detected in mushrooms.
Mushrooms (wild or cultivated), are capable of accumulating micro and
macro minerals in their fruiting bodies to perform several functions. The trace
mineral contents for different species of mushrooms are given in Table 17.2. Few
minerals like, Iron (Fe), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) are abundantly present in mushroom fruiting bodies (Wang et al. 2014). The other minerals detected
in mushrooms includes Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na),
Manganese (Mn) and Copper (Cu). The mineral content in the fruiting body
depends on the type of species or on the substrate on which they are cultivated.
The highest and lowest potassium content has been detected in Macrocybe
gigantea and Volvopluteus gloiocephalus from a range of 1300 to 46,926 μg/g
dry weight (Heleno et al. 2015a). While, the highest and lowest phosphorus content has been estimated in Lentinus cladopus and Stropharia rugosoannulata
from 1005 to 7290 μg/g dry weight, respectively (Liu et al. 2012b; Mallikarjuna
et al. 2012). For other elements like Mg, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn, a huge variation in
values have been reported, ranging from 88 to 2289, 1.53 to 88.8, 0.03 to 103.9,
0.02 to 6762 and 0.94 to118.84 μg/g dry weight, respectively. Along with beneficial minerals some toxic minerals like, Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Cadmium
(Cd) and Arsenic (As) have also been detected in fruiting bodies. These toxic
elements are absent or very less in the cultivated species of mushrooms
(Mallikarjuna et al. 2012).
17 Mushroom: Nutraceutical, Mineral, Proximate Constituents and Bioactive…