275
Table 15.3 Bioactive Compounds from Cereals and Grains and their Health Benefits
Source
Bioactive compounds
Pharmacological actions
References
Triticum
aestivum
Protein, fat, carbohydrate, starch, alkaloids, flavonoids,
tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and glycosides, vitamin E,
thiamine, ribofalvin, niacin, folate, trace minerals
Antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial,
antioxidant, hypolipidemic
Suriyavathana et al. (2016), Pathak and
Shrivastav (2015), Ashok (2011),
Kothari et al. (2008), Kumar et al.
(2011) and Mohan et al. (2013)
Oryza sativa
Protein, carbohydrate, fibre, alkaloids, sugar, terpenoids,
flavonoid and phenolic compound, glutamic and aspartic
acids, thiamine, ribofalvin, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin,
potassium etc.
Antioxidant, antimicrobial,
anti-inflammatory
FAO (2004), Rohman et al. (2014),
Khalid et al. (2015), Abbas et al.
(2011), Firdous and Bharathi (2014)
and Bakiyalakshmi and Boominathan
(2014)
Zea mays
Flavonoids, saponin, tannins, phlobatannins, phenols,
alkaloids and cardiac glycosides, maizenic acid, -carotene,
ascorbic acid, gluten, o-diethyl phthalate, 2-methylnaphthalene, thymol, cyanidin, cinnamic acid, hordenine,
luteolinidin, pelargonidin, betaine, vitamin C, vitamin E,
vitamin K, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (niacin),
vitamin B3 (riboflavin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid),
vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), folic acid, selenium, N-pcoumaryl tryptamine, and N-ferrulyl tryptamine and
potassium
Antioxidant, diuretic, anti-depressant,
anti-fatigue, anti- hyperlipidemic,
anti-diabetic, Nephroprotwctive,
anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective
Solihah et al. (2012), Shah et al.
(2016), Hasanudin et al. (2012), Milind
and Isha (2013) and Wang and Zhao
(2019)
Hordeum
vulgare
Vitamins, minerals, fiber, b-glucan fiber, phenolic acids,
flavonoids, lignans, tocols, phytosterols, and folates
Cardioprotective, hepatoprotective,
antioxidant, antidepressant
Idehen et al. (2017), Abulnaja et al.
(2015), Ames and Rhymer (2008) and
Yamaura et al. (2012)
Sorghum
vulgare
Tannins, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, phytosterols,
policosanols and phenolic compounds
Antioxidant, blood thinning effect,
amylolytic, helpful in obesity, arthritis
and rheumatism and cancer
Awika and Rooney (2004), Mathanghi
(2012), Dicko et al. (2006) and Ciornea
et al. (2008), Singh and Naithani
(2014)
Pennisetum
glaucum
Fibers, minerals, proteins, lipids, carbohydrate, amino
acids, fats, phenolic compounds, iron and zinc and other
minerals
Antioxidant, anticancer, probiotic and
prebiotics, Hypoglycemic
Dias-Martins et al. (2018), Nambiar
et al. (2011), Nani et al. (2011), Pal and
Pandey (2017) and Tako et al. (2015)
15 Cereals and Grains as Functional Food in Unani System of Medicine
Table 15.3 Bioactive Compounds from Cereals and Grains and their Health Benefits
Source
Bioactive compounds
Pharmacological actions
References
Triticum
aestivum
Protein, fat, carbohydrate, starch, alkaloids, flavonoids,
tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and glycosides, vitamin E,
thiamine, ribofalvin, niacin, folate, trace minerals
Antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial,
antioxidant, hypolipidemic
Suriyavathana et al. (2016), Pathak and
Shrivastav (2015), Ashok (2011),
Kothari et al. (2008), Kumar et al.
(2011) and Mohan et al. (2013)
Oryza sativa
Protein, carbohydrate, fibre, alkaloids, sugar, terpenoids,
flavonoid and phenolic compound, glutamic and aspartic
acids, thiamine, ribofalvin, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin,
potassium etc.
Antioxidant, antimicrobial,
anti-inflammatory
FAO (2004), Rohman et al. (2014),
Khalid et al. (2015), Abbas et al.
(2011), Firdous and Bharathi (2014)
and Bakiyalakshmi and Boominathan
(2014)
Zea mays
Flavonoids, saponin, tannins, phlobatannins, phenols,
alkaloids and cardiac glycosides, maizenic acid, -carotene,
ascorbic acid, gluten, o-diethyl phthalate, 2-methylnaphthalene, thymol, cyanidin, cinnamic acid, hordenine,
luteolinidin, pelargonidin, betaine, vitamin C, vitamin E,
vitamin K, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (niacin),
vitamin B3 (riboflavin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid),
vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), folic acid, selenium, N-pcoumaryl tryptamine, and N-ferrulyl tryptamine and
potassium
Antioxidant, diuretic, anti-depressant,
anti-fatigue, anti- hyperlipidemic,
anti-diabetic, Nephroprotwctive,
anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective
Solihah et al. (2012), Shah et al.
(2016), Hasanudin et al. (2012), Milind
and Isha (2013) and Wang and Zhao
(2019)
Hordeum
vulgare
Vitamins, minerals, fiber, b-glucan fiber, phenolic acids,
flavonoids, lignans, tocols, phytosterols, and folates
Cardioprotective, hepatoprotective,
antioxidant, antidepressant
Idehen et al. (2017), Abulnaja et al.
(2015), Ames and Rhymer (2008) and
Yamaura et al. (2012)
Sorghum
vulgare
Tannins, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, phytosterols,
policosanols and phenolic compounds
Antioxidant, blood thinning effect,
amylolytic, helpful in obesity, arthritis
and rheumatism and cancer
Awika and Rooney (2004), Mathanghi
(2012), Dicko et al. (2006) and Ciornea
et al. (2008), Singh and Naithani
(2014)
Pennisetum
glaucum
Fibers, minerals, proteins, lipids, carbohydrate, amino
acids, fats, phenolic compounds, iron and zinc and other
minerals
Antioxidant, anticancer, probiotic and
prebiotics, Hypoglycemic
Dias-Martins et al. (2018), Nambiar
et al. (2011), Nani et al. (2011), Pal and
Pandey (2017) and Tako et al. (2015)
15 Cereals and Grains as Functional Food in Unani System of Medicine