274
synthesized in wheat sprouts. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of this plant confirms the presence of various phytochemicals in their methanolic leaves extract
(Suriyavathana et al. 2016). Presences of various bioactive compounds in wheat are
reported (Table 15.3), these compounds might be responsible for their therapeutic
effect. HPTLC studies of alcoholic extracts chromatogram shows many coloured
spots which indicate the presence of biomolecules in the drug. The findings of the
study reveal a strong hope for development of more chemotherapeutic agents
(Pathak and Shrivastav 2015).
The nutrients content of rice varies depending on the variety of rice soil, and the
conditions they grow. Rice contributes to the major dietary energy for body. Pregerminated brown rice has protein two times more than white rice i.e. 14.6 g/100 g
(brown rice) vs 7.3 g/100 g (white rice). On the other hand, the fat content is so high,
namely 24.8 g/100 g for pre-germinated brown rice and 1.5 g/100 g for white rice
(FAO 2004; Rohman et al. 2014). Roasted maize kernels are also used as coffee
substitute (Shah et al. 2016). Maize kernels contain various vitamins and minerals
(Table 15.3) and an average fatty acids composition of 11% palmitic (16:0), 2%
stearic (18:0), 24.1% oleic (18:1), 61.9% linoleic (18:2), and 0.7% linolenic (18:3)
acids (Ignjatovic-Micic et al. 2015).
Pearl millet grains can be considered a possible alternative for food diversification because they have the fibers, minerals, proteins and antioxidants with similar or
even higher levels than those found in traditional grains such as rice and maize
(Dias-Martins et al. 2018). The chemical composition of pearl millet (dry basis) is,
on average, 72.2% carbohydrate, 11.8% protein, 6.4% lipid, 7.8% dietary fibre and
1.8% minerals. However, variations of these levels are possible due to genotype,
climatic conditions, soil nutrient content and type of processing (Dias-Martins
et al. 2018).
Sorghum is a rich source of various phytochemicals (Table 15.3). These constituents have potential to significantly impact human health. Sorghum fractions possess
high antioxidant activity in vitro relative to other cereals or fruits (Awika and
Rooney 2004; Mathanghi 2012). Among cereals, sorghum has the highest content
of phenolic compounds reaching up to 6% (w/w) in some varieties. Almost all
classes of phenolic compounds are found in sorghum important for human nutrition
(Dicko et al. 2006).
The phytochemical analysis of aqueous and methanolic Zea mays hair extracts
summarized in Table 15.3. Terpenoid compounds however present only in the methanolic extract sample. In addition, the total phenolic content (TPC) in aqueous
extract was significantly higher compared to methanolic extract. The findings suggested that phytochemicals present in Zea mays hair are potentially beneficial as
therapeutic and antioxidative agents in pharmaceuticals, food and other related
industries (Solihah et al. 2012). GCMS analysis of its aqueous extract revealed the
presence of major identifiable apoptogenic phytonutrients.
Phenolic compounds are the most widely distributed secondary metabolites, universally present in the plant kingdom. Phenolic acids and flavonoids represent the
most common form of phenolic compounds found in whole grains. Among healthpromoting phytochemicals residing in whole grains of cereals, phenolic compounds
S. A. A. Makbul et al.
synthesized in wheat sprouts. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of this plant confirms the presence of various phytochemicals in their methanolic leaves extract
(Suriyavathana et al. 2016). Presences of various bioactive compounds in wheat are
reported (Table 15.3), these compounds might be responsible for their therapeutic
effect. HPTLC studies of alcoholic extracts chromatogram shows many coloured
spots which indicate the presence of biomolecules in the drug. The findings of the
study reveal a strong hope for development of more chemotherapeutic agents
(Pathak and Shrivastav 2015).
The nutrients content of rice varies depending on the variety of rice soil, and the
conditions they grow. Rice contributes to the major dietary energy for body. Pregerminated brown rice has protein two times more than white rice i.e. 14.6 g/100 g
(brown rice) vs 7.3 g/100 g (white rice). On the other hand, the fat content is so high,
namely 24.8 g/100 g for pre-germinated brown rice and 1.5 g/100 g for white rice
(FAO 2004; Rohman et al. 2014). Roasted maize kernels are also used as coffee
substitute (Shah et al. 2016). Maize kernels contain various vitamins and minerals
(Table 15.3) and an average fatty acids composition of 11% palmitic (16:0), 2%
stearic (18:0), 24.1% oleic (18:1), 61.9% linoleic (18:2), and 0.7% linolenic (18:3)
acids (Ignjatovic-Micic et al. 2015).
Pearl millet grains can be considered a possible alternative for food diversification because they have the fibers, minerals, proteins and antioxidants with similar or
even higher levels than those found in traditional grains such as rice and maize
(Dias-Martins et al. 2018). The chemical composition of pearl millet (dry basis) is,
on average, 72.2% carbohydrate, 11.8% protein, 6.4% lipid, 7.8% dietary fibre and
1.8% minerals. However, variations of these levels are possible due to genotype,
climatic conditions, soil nutrient content and type of processing (Dias-Martins
et al. 2018).
Sorghum is a rich source of various phytochemicals (Table 15.3). These constituents have potential to significantly impact human health. Sorghum fractions possess
high antioxidant activity in vitro relative to other cereals or fruits (Awika and
Rooney 2004; Mathanghi 2012). Among cereals, sorghum has the highest content
of phenolic compounds reaching up to 6% (w/w) in some varieties. Almost all
classes of phenolic compounds are found in sorghum important for human nutrition
(Dicko et al. 2006).
The phytochemical analysis of aqueous and methanolic Zea mays hair extracts
summarized in Table 15.3. Terpenoid compounds however present only in the methanolic extract sample. In addition, the total phenolic content (TPC) in aqueous
extract was significantly higher compared to methanolic extract. The findings suggested that phytochemicals present in Zea mays hair are potentially beneficial as
therapeutic and antioxidative agents in pharmaceuticals, food and other related
industries (Solihah et al. 2012). GCMS analysis of its aqueous extract revealed the
presence of major identifiable apoptogenic phytonutrients.
Phenolic compounds are the most widely distributed secondary metabolites, universally present in the plant kingdom. Phenolic acids and flavonoids represent the
most common form of phenolic compounds found in whole grains. Among healthpromoting phytochemicals residing in whole grains of cereals, phenolic compounds
S. A. A. Makbul et al.