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11.5.6 Kaempferol
Kaempferol is a major flavonoid found in several natural products including bee
pollen. Kaempferol exhibits numerous pharmacological properties which includes
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic activities (Imran et al. 2019). Different polyphenols
have been identified as floral markers in honey. For acacia honey, kaempferol rhamnosides and rhamnosylglucosides have been proposed as markers. Kaempferol was
also identified in eucalyptus honey (Istasse et al. 2016).
11.5.7 Galangin
Galangin is another natural flavonoid found in honey, and is known as a marker
compound of honey. Galangin has antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-clastogenic, anti-oxidative, radical
scavenging, and metabolic enzyme modulating activities (Patel et al. 2012; Ma et al.
2019). Similar with other compounds, galangin was found to have a positive effect
in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and aid in the preservation of other protective antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and other flavonoids (Khalil
and Sulaiman 2010).
11.5.8 Naringenin
Naringenin is considered as one of the most important naturally-occurring flavonoid that is extensively seen in different citrus fruits, bergamot, tomatoes, and other
fruits (Salehi et al. 2019). Numerous biological activities such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, antiadipogenic
and cardioprotective effects have been attributed to naringenin (Alam et al. 2014;
Salehi et al. 2019).
Aside from the sources mentioned, naringenin was also found in many types
of honey (Afroz et al. 2016). Significant difference in the content of naringenin
in relation to origin of honey was identified. High amounts of naringenin were
found in linden honey, chestnut honey, and acacia honey, respectively. On the
other hand, the minimum content of naringenin was found in mountain honey
(Kurtagic et al. 2013).
11 Honey as Functional Food and Prospects in Natural Honey Production
11.5.6 Kaempferol
Kaempferol is a major flavonoid found in several natural products including bee
pollen. Kaempferol exhibits numerous pharmacological properties which includes
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic activities (Imran et al. 2019). Different polyphenols
have been identified as floral markers in honey. For acacia honey, kaempferol rhamnosides and rhamnosylglucosides have been proposed as markers. Kaempferol was
also identified in eucalyptus honey (Istasse et al. 2016).
11.5.7 Galangin
Galangin is another natural flavonoid found in honey, and is known as a marker
compound of honey. Galangin has antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-clastogenic, anti-oxidative, radical
scavenging, and metabolic enzyme modulating activities (Patel et al. 2012; Ma et al.
2019). Similar with other compounds, galangin was found to have a positive effect
in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and aid in the preservation of other protective antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and other flavonoids (Khalil
and Sulaiman 2010).
11.5.8 Naringenin
Naringenin is considered as one of the most important naturally-occurring flavonoid that is extensively seen in different citrus fruits, bergamot, tomatoes, and other
fruits (Salehi et al. 2019). Numerous biological activities such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, antiadipogenic
and cardioprotective effects have been attributed to naringenin (Alam et al. 2014;
Salehi et al. 2019).
Aside from the sources mentioned, naringenin was also found in many types
of honey (Afroz et al. 2016). Significant difference in the content of naringenin
in relation to origin of honey was identified. High amounts of naringenin were
found in linden honey, chestnut honey, and acacia honey, respectively. On the
other hand, the minimum content of naringenin was found in mountain honey
(Kurtagic et al. 2013).
11 Honey as Functional Food and Prospects in Natural Honey Production