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sible for pollen germination stimulation and pollen tube growth (Liao et al. 2017).
Studies have determined health benefits of quercetin for bees including increased
response for detoxification and immunity genes in honey bees (Mao et al. 2013; Mao
et al. 2013). Moreover, polyphenols identified in honeys including quercetin have
been reported as “promising pharmaceutical drugs in the treatment of cardiovascular
diseases” (Khalil and Sulaiman 2010). Quercetin-detection capability of honey bees,
however, still remain a mystery since it is a non-volative compound. Some researchers stated that it may be detectable by gustatory receptors (Kaškonienė et al. 2015).
11.5.4 Hesperitin
Hesperitin is a common bioactive flavonoid which belongs to the chemical class “flavanone”, that quickly emerges as an appealing curative agent which covers a broad
spectrum of properties including antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, hypolipidemic, vasoprotective, and other essential therapeutic properties (Chakraborty et al. 2012).
The phenolic profile of honey vary depending on the floral source and geographical location. Honey composition of phenolic compounds were identified as
strongly affected by geographical location, while concentrations of phenolic compounds are reliant on the floral source. Studies have shown that geographical location and floral source have a more considerable impact on flavonoid content than on
the phenolic acid profile of honey samples. Results have shown that phenolic acid
compounds and flavonoids can be utilized as a botanical marker to determine the
floral source and geographical origin of honey samples. Consequently, hesperitin
was identified as an investigative compound that can be used in determining the
floral source of various honey samples, whether it be unifloral or multifloral
(Cheung et al. 2019).
11.5.5 Luteolin
Luteolin is one of the most commonly reported flavonoids in honey which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor properties, and has neuroprotective effects against
microglia-induced neuronal cell death (Lin et al. 2008; Rahman et al. 2014). Luteolin
is listed as a major component of the flavonoid fraction of mānuka honey (Yao et al.
2003). Luteolin was found to be weakly correlated with non-peroxide antibacterial
activity of honey and probable marker compounds for mānuka monofloral honey
(Chan et al. 2007).
M. C. B. Otero and L. Bernolo
sible for pollen germination stimulation and pollen tube growth (Liao et al. 2017).
Studies have determined health benefits of quercetin for bees including increased
response for detoxification and immunity genes in honey bees (Mao et al. 2013; Mao
et al. 2013). Moreover, polyphenols identified in honeys including quercetin have
been reported as “promising pharmaceutical drugs in the treatment of cardiovascular
diseases” (Khalil and Sulaiman 2010). Quercetin-detection capability of honey bees,
however, still remain a mystery since it is a non-volative compound. Some researchers stated that it may be detectable by gustatory receptors (Kaškonienė et al. 2015).
11.5.4 Hesperitin
Hesperitin is a common bioactive flavonoid which belongs to the chemical class “flavanone”, that quickly emerges as an appealing curative agent which covers a broad
spectrum of properties including antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, hypolipidemic, vasoprotective, and other essential therapeutic properties (Chakraborty et al. 2012).
The phenolic profile of honey vary depending on the floral source and geographical location. Honey composition of phenolic compounds were identified as
strongly affected by geographical location, while concentrations of phenolic compounds are reliant on the floral source. Studies have shown that geographical location and floral source have a more considerable impact on flavonoid content than on
the phenolic acid profile of honey samples. Results have shown that phenolic acid
compounds and flavonoids can be utilized as a botanical marker to determine the
floral source and geographical origin of honey samples. Consequently, hesperitin
was identified as an investigative compound that can be used in determining the
floral source of various honey samples, whether it be unifloral or multifloral
(Cheung et al. 2019).
11.5.5 Luteolin
Luteolin is one of the most commonly reported flavonoids in honey which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor properties, and has neuroprotective effects against
microglia-induced neuronal cell death (Lin et al. 2008; Rahman et al. 2014). Luteolin
is listed as a major component of the flavonoid fraction of mānuka honey (Yao et al.
2003). Luteolin was found to be weakly correlated with non-peroxide antibacterial
activity of honey and probable marker compounds for mānuka monofloral honey
(Chan et al. 2007).
M. C. B. Otero and L. Bernolo