195
Corcoran BM, Stanton C, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP (2005) Survival of probiotic lactobacilli in acidic
environments is enhanced in the presence of metabolizable sugars. Appl Environ Microbiol
71(6):3060–3067
FAO/WHO (2002) Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotic in food. Available also at ftp://ftp.fao.
org/es/esn/food/wgreport2.pdf
Fuller R (1992) History and development of probiotics. In: Probiotics. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 1–8
Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 125(6):1401–1412
Gibson GR, Probert HM, van Loo JAE, Rastall RA, Roberfroid MB (2004) Dietary modulation of
the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutrition Research Reviews
17:259–275. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200479
Gogineni VK, Morrow LE, Malesker MA (2013a) Probiotics: mechanisms of action and clinical
applications. J Prob Health 1:101. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8901.1000101
Gogineni VK, Morrow LE, Gregory PJ, Malesker MA (2013b) Probiotics: history and evolution.
J Anc Dis Prev Rem
Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G. et al. (2014) Expert consensus document. The International Scientific
Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use
of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 11:506–14.
Hooda, S., Swanson, K., Fahey, G. Jr., Prebiotics (2012) A Lecture on Probiotics Mechanism
of Action. Institute of Medicine Workshop on the Human Microbiome, Diet, and Health;
University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign
Johnston BC, Goldenberg JZ, Vandvik PO, Sun X, Guyatt GH (2011) Probiotics for the prevention
of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11
Kailasapathy K, Chin J (2000) Survival and therapeutic potential of probiotic organisms with reference to Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Immunol Cell Biol 78(1):80–88
Kelesidis T, Pothoulakis C (2012) Efficacy and safety of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii for
the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 5(2):111–125.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1756283X11428502
Khalighi A, Behdani R, Kouhestani S (2016) Probiotics: a comprehensive review of their classification, mode of action and role in human nutrition. InTech Publishers, Rijeka, pp 19–39
McFarland LV (2007) Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea. Travel
Med Infect Dis 5(2):97–105
Markowiak P, Slizewska K (2017) Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health.
Nutrients 9:1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091021. www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
Moelling K, Broecker F, Willy C (2018) A wake-up call: we need phage therapy now. Viruses
10(12):688
Nagpal R, Kumar A, Kumar M, Behare PV, Jain S, Yadav H (2012) Probiotics, their health benefits
and applications for developing healthier foods: a review. FEMS Microbiol Lett 334:1–15
Pandey KR, Naik SR, Vakil BV (2015) Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics- a review. J Food Sci
Technol 52(12):7577–7587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1921-1
Reid JNS, Bisanz JE, Monachese M, Burton JP, Reid G (2013) The rationale for probiotics improving reproductive health and pregnancy outcome. Am J Reprod Immunol 69:558–566
Reid G, Bruce AW (2006) Probiotics to prevent urinary tract infections: the rationale and evidence.
World J Urol 24(1):28–32
Roberfroid M (2007) Prebiotics: the concept revisited. J Nutr 137:830–837
Roberfold M, Slavin J (2000) Nondigestible oligosaccharides. Critical Review of Food Science
and Nutrition 40:461–480
Saxelin M (1996) Colonization of the human gastrointestinal tract by probiotic bacteria. Nutr
Today 31(6):9S
Schrezenmeir J, De Vrese M (2001) Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics—approaching a definition. Am J Clin Nutr 73:361S–364S
Shah NJ, Swami OC (2017) Role of probiotics in diabetes: a review of their rationale and efficacy.
EMJ Diabet 5(1):104–110
10 Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics and Its Importance in the Management of Diseases
Corcoran BM, Stanton C, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP (2005) Survival of probiotic lactobacilli in acidic
environments is enhanced in the presence of metabolizable sugars. Appl Environ Microbiol
71(6):3060–3067
FAO/WHO (2002) Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotic in food. Available also at ftp://ftp.fao.
org/es/esn/food/wgreport2.pdf
Fuller R (1992) History and development of probiotics. In: Probiotics. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 1–8
Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 125(6):1401–1412
Gibson GR, Probert HM, van Loo JAE, Rastall RA, Roberfroid MB (2004) Dietary modulation of
the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutrition Research Reviews
17:259–275. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200479
Gogineni VK, Morrow LE, Malesker MA (2013a) Probiotics: mechanisms of action and clinical
applications. J Prob Health 1:101. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8901.1000101
Gogineni VK, Morrow LE, Gregory PJ, Malesker MA (2013b) Probiotics: history and evolution.
J Anc Dis Prev Rem
Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G. et al. (2014) Expert consensus document. The International Scientific
Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use
of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 11:506–14.
Hooda, S., Swanson, K., Fahey, G. Jr., Prebiotics (2012) A Lecture on Probiotics Mechanism
of Action. Institute of Medicine Workshop on the Human Microbiome, Diet, and Health;
University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign
Johnston BC, Goldenberg JZ, Vandvik PO, Sun X, Guyatt GH (2011) Probiotics for the prevention
of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11
Kailasapathy K, Chin J (2000) Survival and therapeutic potential of probiotic organisms with reference to Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Immunol Cell Biol 78(1):80–88
Kelesidis T, Pothoulakis C (2012) Efficacy and safety of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii for
the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 5(2):111–125.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1756283X11428502
Khalighi A, Behdani R, Kouhestani S (2016) Probiotics: a comprehensive review of their classification, mode of action and role in human nutrition. InTech Publishers, Rijeka, pp 19–39
McFarland LV (2007) Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea. Travel
Med Infect Dis 5(2):97–105
Markowiak P, Slizewska K (2017) Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health.
Nutrients 9:1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091021. www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
Moelling K, Broecker F, Willy C (2018) A wake-up call: we need phage therapy now. Viruses
10(12):688
Nagpal R, Kumar A, Kumar M, Behare PV, Jain S, Yadav H (2012) Probiotics, their health benefits
and applications for developing healthier foods: a review. FEMS Microbiol Lett 334:1–15
Pandey KR, Naik SR, Vakil BV (2015) Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics- a review. J Food Sci
Technol 52(12):7577–7587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1921-1
Reid JNS, Bisanz JE, Monachese M, Burton JP, Reid G (2013) The rationale for probiotics improving reproductive health and pregnancy outcome. Am J Reprod Immunol 69:558–566
Reid G, Bruce AW (2006) Probiotics to prevent urinary tract infections: the rationale and evidence.
World J Urol 24(1):28–32
Roberfroid M (2007) Prebiotics: the concept revisited. J Nutr 137:830–837
Roberfold M, Slavin J (2000) Nondigestible oligosaccharides. Critical Review of Food Science
and Nutrition 40:461–480
Saxelin M (1996) Colonization of the human gastrointestinal tract by probiotic bacteria. Nutr
Today 31(6):9S
Schrezenmeir J, De Vrese M (2001) Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics—approaching a definition. Am J Clin Nutr 73:361S–364S
Shah NJ, Swami OC (2017) Role of probiotics in diabetes: a review of their rationale and efficacy.
EMJ Diabet 5(1):104–110
10 Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics and Its Importance in the Management of Diseases