143
not be utilized or toxicological estimations should be performed before endorsing
them as microbial protein (Suman et al. 2015). Lately, microbial protein technology
using fungal species is utilized for the conversion of lignocellulose wastes. The filamentous fungi that have been used as microbial proteins comprise Fusarium graminearum, Chaetomium celluloliticum, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigates, A. oryzae,
Penicillium cyclopium, Cephalosporium cichorniae, Rhizopuschinensis, Tricoderma
viridae, Scytalidum aciduphlium, and Tricoderma alba Paecilomyces varioti
(Jaganmohan et al. 2013).
8.3.4 Yeast
Yeast cells are high in proteins and nutrients (Burgents et al. 2004). Most popular
yeast species utilized as microbial proteins comprise Torulopsis, Candida,
Hansenula, Pitchia, and Saccharomyces. Microbial protein production utilizing
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, grown on various fruit wastes has been done successfully. The typical oily yeasts genera including Yarrowia, Candida, Rhodotorula,
Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon and Lipomyces have also been utilized as microbial proteins. Cucumber and orange peels were evaluated for the production of microbial protein using Saccharomyces cerevisiae by submerged
fermentation (Sengupta et al. 2006).
8.4 Process of Microbial Protein Production
Microbial proteins can be produced by using waste materials as substrates, predominantly from agricultural waste like crumbs, wood cuttings, and corncobs
among others. Few additional waste substances utilized as substrates are remnants
from alcohol manufacturing processes, food processing, hydrocarbons, or even
human and animal feces (Suman et al. 2015).
As described by Nasseri et al. (2011), the process of microbial protein production from any substrate or microorganism will necessitate some vital stages
(Fig. 8.2):
(1) based on the condition of carbon source physical and/or chemical pretreatments
may be needed.
(2) Together with the carbon source, nitrogen, phosphorus and few other nutrients
are also needed to sustain microorganism’s optimal growth.
(3) Contamination needs to be avoided by sustaining a sterile and aseptic environment. For this purpose, the constituents of the medium needs to be sterilized by
heating or filtration and the apparatus used in the fermentation process needs to
be heat sterilized.
(4) The desired microorganism should be inoculated in the pure form.
8 Microbial Proteins: A Potential Source of Protein
not be utilized or toxicological estimations should be performed before endorsing
them as microbial protein (Suman et al. 2015). Lately, microbial protein technology
using fungal species is utilized for the conversion of lignocellulose wastes. The filamentous fungi that have been used as microbial proteins comprise Fusarium graminearum, Chaetomium celluloliticum, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigates, A. oryzae,
Penicillium cyclopium, Cephalosporium cichorniae, Rhizopuschinensis, Tricoderma
viridae, Scytalidum aciduphlium, and Tricoderma alba Paecilomyces varioti
(Jaganmohan et al. 2013).
8.3.4 Yeast
Yeast cells are high in proteins and nutrients (Burgents et al. 2004). Most popular
yeast species utilized as microbial proteins comprise Torulopsis, Candida,
Hansenula, Pitchia, and Saccharomyces. Microbial protein production utilizing
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, grown on various fruit wastes has been done successfully. The typical oily yeasts genera including Yarrowia, Candida, Rhodotorula,
Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon and Lipomyces have also been utilized as microbial proteins. Cucumber and orange peels were evaluated for the production of microbial protein using Saccharomyces cerevisiae by submerged
fermentation (Sengupta et al. 2006).
8.4 Process of Microbial Protein Production
Microbial proteins can be produced by using waste materials as substrates, predominantly from agricultural waste like crumbs, wood cuttings, and corncobs
among others. Few additional waste substances utilized as substrates are remnants
from alcohol manufacturing processes, food processing, hydrocarbons, or even
human and animal feces (Suman et al. 2015).
As described by Nasseri et al. (2011), the process of microbial protein production from any substrate or microorganism will necessitate some vital stages
(Fig. 8.2):
(1) based on the condition of carbon source physical and/or chemical pretreatments
may be needed.
(2) Together with the carbon source, nitrogen, phosphorus and few other nutrients
are also needed to sustain microorganism’s optimal growth.
(3) Contamination needs to be avoided by sustaining a sterile and aseptic environment. For this purpose, the constituents of the medium needs to be sterilized by
heating or filtration and the apparatus used in the fermentation process needs to
be heat sterilized.
(4) The desired microorganism should be inoculated in the pure form.
8 Microbial Proteins: A Potential Source of Protein