112
of insects and algae are expected to each account for 2% of the alternative protein
market share by 2024 (European Commission 2018). Alternative proteins must be
evaluated for nutritive value, safety, and economic considerations before mass production are undertaken. There are good alternative protein sources which include
spray dried plasma, wheat protein, fish protein, chicken products, eggs, and processed red blood cells serve many functions, including provision of essential and
nonessential amino acids which enhance immune and are also highly palatable.
Reproductive biotechnologies changed molecular genetics were sequenced and
annotated in various animals such as cattle, pigs, chicken, sheep, poultry, and bee
(Odongo et al. 2010; United States Department of Agriculture 2016; National
Institutes of Health 2016; Raab 2016).
7.3.1 Proteins of Unicellular Organisms
From a nutritional point of view, microorganisms can be a valuable source of protein with a high biological value. Depending on the type, strain and conditions of
microbial growth and composition of the medium, the protein content in the dry
mass of unicellular biomass may vary within 40–80%. Most proteins contain bacteria (50–80%), then algae and yeast (30–75%), and least molds (20–45%). Singlecell proteins are a rich source of lysine; however, they are deficient in some essential
amino acids, mainly sulfuric (methionine and cysteine) (Table 7.1).
The large-scale process of obtaining Single Cell Protein (SCP) proteins from
dried cells of microorganisms such as bacteria (Cellulomonas, Alcaligenes), yeast
(Candida, Saccharomyces), algae (Chlorella, Spirulina, Scenedesmus) and molds
(Trichoderma, Fusarium, Rhizopus) (Becker 2007; Deng and Chow 2010), generates numerous opportunities in food production technology. The diversity of methods, raw materials and microorganisms used, high substrate conversion efficiency
and efficiency associated with the rapid growth of microorganisms and lack of
dependence on seasonal and climatic factors (Nasseri et al. 2011) attach great
importance to these microorganisms from a nutritional point of view as a protein
source of high biological value (Table 7.1).
The nutritional value of these proteins is higher than those of vegetable origin,
and when supplemented with methionine, become comparable to proteins of animal
origin (Nalage et al. 2016). It has also been proven that SPC obtained from microorganisms are a rich source of B vitamins and minerals, such as: zinc, phosphorus,
magnesium, selenium, chromium (Adedayo et al. 2011). In addition, some yeast
species, e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have a probiotic effect in the human body
(Muszyńska et al. 2013). Nucleic acid component (2–18% dry matter) is also a
component of biomass, which is a potential danger for the human body, because it
may lead to the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the kidneys or joints, leading
to gout. Their content is highest in bacterial cells and the lowest in algae cells
(Nasseri et al. 2011). It was also proved that SPC obtained from microorganisms are
a rich source of B vitamins and minerals, such as zinc, phosphorus, magnesium,
B. Sawicka et al.
of insects and algae are expected to each account for 2% of the alternative protein
market share by 2024 (European Commission 2018). Alternative proteins must be
evaluated for nutritive value, safety, and economic considerations before mass production are undertaken. There are good alternative protein sources which include
spray dried plasma, wheat protein, fish protein, chicken products, eggs, and processed red blood cells serve many functions, including provision of essential and
nonessential amino acids which enhance immune and are also highly palatable.
Reproductive biotechnologies changed molecular genetics were sequenced and
annotated in various animals such as cattle, pigs, chicken, sheep, poultry, and bee
(Odongo et al. 2010; United States Department of Agriculture 2016; National
Institutes of Health 2016; Raab 2016).
7.3.1 Proteins of Unicellular Organisms
From a nutritional point of view, microorganisms can be a valuable source of protein with a high biological value. Depending on the type, strain and conditions of
microbial growth and composition of the medium, the protein content in the dry
mass of unicellular biomass may vary within 40–80%. Most proteins contain bacteria (50–80%), then algae and yeast (30–75%), and least molds (20–45%). Singlecell proteins are a rich source of lysine; however, they are deficient in some essential
amino acids, mainly sulfuric (methionine and cysteine) (Table 7.1).
The large-scale process of obtaining Single Cell Protein (SCP) proteins from
dried cells of microorganisms such as bacteria (Cellulomonas, Alcaligenes), yeast
(Candida, Saccharomyces), algae (Chlorella, Spirulina, Scenedesmus) and molds
(Trichoderma, Fusarium, Rhizopus) (Becker 2007; Deng and Chow 2010), generates numerous opportunities in food production technology. The diversity of methods, raw materials and microorganisms used, high substrate conversion efficiency
and efficiency associated with the rapid growth of microorganisms and lack of
dependence on seasonal and climatic factors (Nasseri et al. 2011) attach great
importance to these microorganisms from a nutritional point of view as a protein
source of high biological value (Table 7.1).
The nutritional value of these proteins is higher than those of vegetable origin,
and when supplemented with methionine, become comparable to proteins of animal
origin (Nalage et al. 2016). It has also been proven that SPC obtained from microorganisms are a rich source of B vitamins and minerals, such as: zinc, phosphorus,
magnesium, selenium, chromium (Adedayo et al. 2011). In addition, some yeast
species, e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have a probiotic effect in the human body
(Muszyńska et al. 2013). Nucleic acid component (2–18% dry matter) is also a
component of biomass, which is a potential danger for the human body, because it
may lead to the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the kidneys or joints, leading
to gout. Their content is highest in bacterial cells and the lowest in algae cells
(Nasseri et al. 2011). It was also proved that SPC obtained from microorganisms are
a rich source of B vitamins and minerals, such as zinc, phosphorus, magnesium,
B. Sawicka et al.