110
2012). Solid development in biotechnology offered in addition cutting-edge expansions in genomics and bioinformatics made it possible to develop and discover
drugs, diagnosis and early treatment of diseases and disorders affecting animal
health, livestock and agricultural crop therefore to improve their well-being, production and conserve the use of existing resources to sustainability (UN ECA 2015).
However, encouraging results of novel sources of nutrients such as insects, algae
and in-vitro meat, though are unconventional to animal proteins for human consumption and animal feed production, still required to enhance in quantity and quality as nutrient sources that could face upfront the potential encounter on food
security an inordinate stress thereupon. New technologies are emerging that allow
for the upgrading of wastewater treatment plants to ‘factories’ in which the incoming materials are deconstructed to units such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and clean
minerals, and followed by a highly intensive and efficient microbial re-synthesis
process where the used nitrogen is harvested as microbial protein (at efficiencies
close to 100%), which can be used for animal feed and food purposes (Shockley and
Dossey 2013; Matassa et al. 2015; Wiza 2019). Bioavailability process follows food
element consumption, including digestibility and solubility of the food element in
the gastrointestinal tract, absorption/assimilation of the food element across the
intestinal epithelial cells and into the circulatory system, and finally, incorporation
into the target site of utilization (Bleakley and Hayes 2017). The enzymes which
improve weight gain and feed conversion in monogastric animals, have been engineered for improved activity and deliver high levels of thermal stability to enable
direct use of the grain in feed pelleting processes (Matassa et al. 2015).
7.2 Daily Demand of Human Organism to Protein
For an adult, the daily dose of protein is 50–80 g (including 1/3 is animal protein).
In a span of 1 year, a man takes 27.4 kg of protein, which is calculated on the basis
of nitrogen at 4.38 kg/kg/year. For the world’s population, approximately 30.8 million tons of nitrogen per year is needed. It is estimated that around a billion people
are starving all over the world. This hunger particularly affects third world countries
attributed in part from political instability and very low agricultural production
combined with over-population. Currently, about 40,000 people die every day in
Africa due to hunger (Fig. 7.1).
Hence, the demand for protein in the world is enormous. Proteins provide the
raw material compulsory for constructing additional muscle fibers and rebuilding
broken fibers with thicker composition resulting to greater muscular strength and
endurance (Schoenfeld 2010). Adding protein to an already balanced diet promotes
healthy living. Animal protein is a complete protein that provides all nine essential
amino acids, while some plant proteins may lack one or more essential amino acids.
Animal products are high in protein but also contain high amounts of saturated or
trans fats. Not everything from animals is good to our health. Consuming animal
blood for instance can cause a number of problems. The human body can dehydrate
B. Sawicka et al.
2012). Solid development in biotechnology offered in addition cutting-edge expansions in genomics and bioinformatics made it possible to develop and discover
drugs, diagnosis and early treatment of diseases and disorders affecting animal
health, livestock and agricultural crop therefore to improve their well-being, production and conserve the use of existing resources to sustainability (UN ECA 2015).
However, encouraging results of novel sources of nutrients such as insects, algae
and in-vitro meat, though are unconventional to animal proteins for human consumption and animal feed production, still required to enhance in quantity and quality as nutrient sources that could face upfront the potential encounter on food
security an inordinate stress thereupon. New technologies are emerging that allow
for the upgrading of wastewater treatment plants to ‘factories’ in which the incoming materials are deconstructed to units such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and clean
minerals, and followed by a highly intensive and efficient microbial re-synthesis
process where the used nitrogen is harvested as microbial protein (at efficiencies
close to 100%), which can be used for animal feed and food purposes (Shockley and
Dossey 2013; Matassa et al. 2015; Wiza 2019). Bioavailability process follows food
element consumption, including digestibility and solubility of the food element in
the gastrointestinal tract, absorption/assimilation of the food element across the
intestinal epithelial cells and into the circulatory system, and finally, incorporation
into the target site of utilization (Bleakley and Hayes 2017). The enzymes which
improve weight gain and feed conversion in monogastric animals, have been engineered for improved activity and deliver high levels of thermal stability to enable
direct use of the grain in feed pelleting processes (Matassa et al. 2015).
7.2 Daily Demand of Human Organism to Protein
For an adult, the daily dose of protein is 50–80 g (including 1/3 is animal protein).
In a span of 1 year, a man takes 27.4 kg of protein, which is calculated on the basis
of nitrogen at 4.38 kg/kg/year. For the world’s population, approximately 30.8 million tons of nitrogen per year is needed. It is estimated that around a billion people
are starving all over the world. This hunger particularly affects third world countries
attributed in part from political instability and very low agricultural production
combined with over-population. Currently, about 40,000 people die every day in
Africa due to hunger (Fig. 7.1).
Hence, the demand for protein in the world is enormous. Proteins provide the
raw material compulsory for constructing additional muscle fibers and rebuilding
broken fibers with thicker composition resulting to greater muscular strength and
endurance (Schoenfeld 2010). Adding protein to an already balanced diet promotes
healthy living. Animal protein is a complete protein that provides all nine essential
amino acids, while some plant proteins may lack one or more essential amino acids.
Animal products are high in protein but also contain high amounts of saturated or
trans fats. Not everything from animals is good to our health. Consuming animal
blood for instance can cause a number of problems. The human body can dehydrate
B. Sawicka et al.