production volumes and relative geographic concentration. Table 3.7 presents the
estimation of the amount of biomass available as waste.
The wastes considered as potential sources of biomass are 10% of all lignocellulosic material (plants, leaves, and roots) left after a harvest of transitional crops, i.e.,
cereals, tubers, and vegetables. Normally this material is left in the fields for soil
nutrition (Lal, 2009), so its use is proposed at 10% only. This percentage could vary
considering the possible expansion of the use of organic fertilizers whose contribution in trace minerals is significant. The items determined by this calculation are
straw, stubble, and unspecified lignocellulosic wastes that bind all the other minor
products listed in Fig. 3.4. The economic potential of using these lignocellulosic
materials for the production of a range of products such as nutritional supplements,
edible fungi, chemicals, fibres, biomaterials for construction and biomedical
applications, polyphenols, bioactive substances, energy production, among others,
will be studied (Cheali et al. 2015; IICA 2019; Lal 2009).
Table 3.7 Biomass available from waste in Ecuador
Available biomass
Ton/a (/1000)
Waste in kg/product in kg
Primary sector
Rice straw
210.0
1.45
1
Rice crust
289.7
0.07
1
Banana stalk
1032.1
0.13
2
Maize stubble
463.1
2.94
3
Unspecified lignocellulosic waste
3642.9
2.44
4
Secondary sector
Shrimp shells
222.6
a
0.44
5
Cane bagasse
3301.0
0.40
6
Coffee processing residues
Barks
0.2
0.12
b 7
Pulp
0.6
0.29
b 7
Silver skin
0.1
0.05
b 7
Spent grain
1.0
0.54
b
Cocoa processing residues
Bark
11.5
0.07
8
Wasted grain
10.9
0.066
8
Mucilage
11.4
0.07
9
Noneconomic sector
Municipal waste
c
2607.1
0.717 (INEC)
a Shrimp export volume was obtained from the National Chamber of Aquaculture of Ecuador (http://
www.cna-ecuador.com/estadisticas/)
b
Calculation made considering that fresh grain (INEC data) has 55% humidity (Blinová et al. 2017)
c Cardboard, paper, organic waste, and wood were taken into account
1
Moraes et al. (2014);
2
Pazmiño-Hernandez et al. (2017);
3
Muñoz-Tlahuiz et al. (2013);
4
Rodrigues
Lima et al. (2005);
5
Khan et al. (2014);
6
Tyagi et al. (2019);
7
Blinová et al. (2017);
8
Akinnuli et al.
(2014);
9
Balladares et al. (2016)
58
D. Ortega-Pacheco et al.
estimation of the amount of biomass available as waste.
The wastes considered as potential sources of biomass are 10% of all lignocellulosic material (plants, leaves, and roots) left after a harvest of transitional crops, i.e.,
cereals, tubers, and vegetables. Normally this material is left in the fields for soil
nutrition (Lal, 2009), so its use is proposed at 10% only. This percentage could vary
considering the possible expansion of the use of organic fertilizers whose contribution in trace minerals is significant. The items determined by this calculation are
straw, stubble, and unspecified lignocellulosic wastes that bind all the other minor
products listed in Fig. 3.4. The economic potential of using these lignocellulosic
materials for the production of a range of products such as nutritional supplements,
edible fungi, chemicals, fibres, biomaterials for construction and biomedical
applications, polyphenols, bioactive substances, energy production, among others,
will be studied (Cheali et al. 2015; IICA 2019; Lal 2009).
Table 3.7 Biomass available from waste in Ecuador
Available biomass
Ton/a (/1000)
Waste in kg/product in kg
Primary sector
Rice straw
210.0
1.45
1
Rice crust
289.7
0.07
1
Banana stalk
1032.1
0.13
2
Maize stubble
463.1
2.94
3
Unspecified lignocellulosic waste
3642.9
2.44
4
Secondary sector
Shrimp shells
222.6
a
0.44
5
Cane bagasse
3301.0
0.40
6
Coffee processing residues
Barks
0.2
0.12
b 7
Pulp
0.6
0.29
b 7
Silver skin
0.1
0.05
b 7
Spent grain
1.0
0.54
b
Cocoa processing residues
Bark
11.5
0.07
8
Wasted grain
10.9
0.066
8
Mucilage
11.4
0.07
9
Noneconomic sector
Municipal waste
c
2607.1
0.717 (INEC)
a Shrimp export volume was obtained from the National Chamber of Aquaculture of Ecuador (http://
www.cna-ecuador.com/estadisticas/)
b
Calculation made considering that fresh grain (INEC data) has 55% humidity (Blinová et al. 2017)
c Cardboard, paper, organic waste, and wood were taken into account
1
Moraes et al. (2014);
2
Pazmiño-Hernandez et al. (2017);
3
Muñoz-Tlahuiz et al. (2013);
4
Rodrigues
Lima et al. (2005);
5
Khan et al. (2014);
6
Tyagi et al. (2019);
7
Blinová et al. (2017);
8
Akinnuli et al.
(2014);
9
Balladares et al. (2016)
58
D. Ortega-Pacheco et al.