Note in Fig. 3.5b that the services sector, the sector with highest production and
consumption levels, is consequently the sector that contributes to taxes the most.
Note also that, since 2013, the oil and mining sector significantly increased their tax
generation, reaching a participation of 8% in 2017, compared to 1.4% in 2009.
The sectors related to the bioeconomy have maintained a rather stable participation
in the generation of taxes, with an average participation of 12.22%. In 2017, the
bioeconomy generated US$132 million in taxes, which is more than the contribution
of the industrial manufacturing sector but less than that of energy and transport.
Thus, there seem to be opportunities to increase the participation of bioenergy at the
expense of traditional energy sources that are mainly consumed in the transportation
sector.
3.7
Insights for Assessing the Contribution of the Bioeconomy
in Ecuador in a Future Scenario
To identify feasible possibilities of expansion of the bioeconomy, this section
presents settings in the Ecuadorian context that offer a large potential for its
development, considering it an opportunity for productive transition, given an
unfavorable oil production horizon and significant fossil fuel energy
consumption (Espinoza et al. 2019; Verdezoto et al. 2019). These settings are an
estimation of the potential for improvement of agricultural and livestock activities in
terms of yield per area of arable land used; estimation of the potential for the use of
fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides of biological origin; estimation of an industrial
and energy development based on biomass; an estimation of the economic potential
of the expansion of biological wastewater treatment; and configuration of the IOM to
evaluate the future contribution of the bioeconomy. The methodologies to be used
for each of the above items are described below.
3.7.1 Potential for the Improvement of Agricultural and Livestock
Activities in Terms of Yield per Area of Arable Land Used
This contribution is calculated by estimating production yields per hectare of the
main agricultural and livestock products. For this purpose, the environmental statistics available on INEC’s “VDatos” platform
2 could be used. The results would be
compared with yield data reported in countries of the region and other continents
with similar climatic and biodiversity conditions. The calculation strategy shall seek
not only to increase current crop and livestock production but also to improve land
use that reduces the expansion of the agricultural frontier and the consequent
degradation of native ecosystems.
2 Available at: https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/vdatos/
56
D. Ortega-Pacheco et al.
consumption levels, is consequently the sector that contributes to taxes the most.
Note also that, since 2013, the oil and mining sector significantly increased their tax
generation, reaching a participation of 8% in 2017, compared to 1.4% in 2009.
The sectors related to the bioeconomy have maintained a rather stable participation
in the generation of taxes, with an average participation of 12.22%. In 2017, the
bioeconomy generated US$132 million in taxes, which is more than the contribution
of the industrial manufacturing sector but less than that of energy and transport.
Thus, there seem to be opportunities to increase the participation of bioenergy at the
expense of traditional energy sources that are mainly consumed in the transportation
sector.
3.7
Insights for Assessing the Contribution of the Bioeconomy
in Ecuador in a Future Scenario
To identify feasible possibilities of expansion of the bioeconomy, this section
presents settings in the Ecuadorian context that offer a large potential for its
development, considering it an opportunity for productive transition, given an
unfavorable oil production horizon and significant fossil fuel energy
consumption (Espinoza et al. 2019; Verdezoto et al. 2019). These settings are an
estimation of the potential for improvement of agricultural and livestock activities in
terms of yield per area of arable land used; estimation of the potential for the use of
fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides of biological origin; estimation of an industrial
and energy development based on biomass; an estimation of the economic potential
of the expansion of biological wastewater treatment; and configuration of the IOM to
evaluate the future contribution of the bioeconomy. The methodologies to be used
for each of the above items are described below.
3.7.1 Potential for the Improvement of Agricultural and Livestock
Activities in Terms of Yield per Area of Arable Land Used
This contribution is calculated by estimating production yields per hectare of the
main agricultural and livestock products. For this purpose, the environmental statistics available on INEC’s “VDatos” platform
2 could be used. The results would be
compared with yield data reported in countries of the region and other continents
with similar climatic and biodiversity conditions. The calculation strategy shall seek
not only to increase current crop and livestock production but also to improve land
use that reduces the expansion of the agricultural frontier and the consequent
degradation of native ecosystems.
2 Available at: https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/vdatos/
56
D. Ortega-Pacheco et al.