stability and miscibility with water. In India, Bt var. kurstaki and Bt var. israelensis
(5 and 2.5% WP); Trichoderma viride 1% and 1.5% WP; Pseudomonas fluorescens
1.25% WP; Entomogenous fungi Beauveria bassiana are available in wettable
powder formulations. Water dispersible granules (WDG) are dust-free formulations
that can be suspended with water to enhance storage stability.
11.12.2 Liquid Formulations
Active ingredients of liquid formulations are mixed with water/aqueous suspension
(AS) or with oil, kerosene or petroleum-based solvents as a carrier. B. thuringiensis
var. kurstaki is available in 2.5 and 3.5% AS. NPV of H. armigera is used in 0.43%
(AS), and NPV of S. litura in 0.50% (AS). Various types of liquid formulations are
available in the market including emulsifiable concentrate. An emulsion is a mixture
of homogenous emulsion with active ingredient particles suspended into it. In
emulsion, active ingredient is in liquid form and is dissolved in the petroleumbased solvents. To improve the stability of the emulsion, it is necessary to choose
an appropriate emulsifier. In suspension concentrate (SC), which is also known as a
flowable concentrate, the active solid ingredient is dissolved in water. Agitation
during formulation is being done for the even distribution. It is safer for the
environment and user. B. thuringiensis var. galleriae 1.3%, B. thuringiensis var.
sphaericus B-101 and Bacillus subtilis are available in 2% suspension concentrate.
Entomopathogenic fungi-based SC formulation of Beauveria bassiana is available
as 1.15%, 10% SC. Ultra-low volume formulation (ULV) contains 100% active
ingredient. It is used for mosquito control and has agriculture and forestry application. Newer formulation, capsule suspension is developed in which active
ingredients are encapsulated in starch/cellulose or other polymers that can be
dissolved in water before use. This type of formulation is used to protect the
bioagents from harsh unfavourable conditions. Liquid aerosol is also used against
field pests where the active ingredients are kept in the form of liquid or the gaseous
phase (in case of fumigants) in a pressurized container. Thus, by pushing nozzle,
very fine-droplets of liquid or gas can be applied to the target surface (Tijjani et al.
2016).
11.12.3 Compatibility of Biopesticides
It is the ability to mix various pesticides without affecting physical and chemical
nature that results in increased effectiveness and reduced phytotoxicity. Compatibility is an important aspect to be considered while using combination of biopesticides.
One of the limitations with biological pesticides is that it has a very narrow host
range and is effective at controlled environmental conditions. The sole use of
biopesticides is not sufficient to control plant-feeding insect or mite populations.
Thus, to increase the effectiveness of biopesticides, appropriate compatible conventional pesticides can be mixed to increase the synergism. Also “biorational” or
262
M. Rajamani and A. Negi
(5 and 2.5% WP); Trichoderma viride 1% and 1.5% WP; Pseudomonas fluorescens
1.25% WP; Entomogenous fungi Beauveria bassiana are available in wettable
powder formulations. Water dispersible granules (WDG) are dust-free formulations
that can be suspended with water to enhance storage stability.
11.12.2 Liquid Formulations
Active ingredients of liquid formulations are mixed with water/aqueous suspension
(AS) or with oil, kerosene or petroleum-based solvents as a carrier. B. thuringiensis
var. kurstaki is available in 2.5 and 3.5% AS. NPV of H. armigera is used in 0.43%
(AS), and NPV of S. litura in 0.50% (AS). Various types of liquid formulations are
available in the market including emulsifiable concentrate. An emulsion is a mixture
of homogenous emulsion with active ingredient particles suspended into it. In
emulsion, active ingredient is in liquid form and is dissolved in the petroleumbased solvents. To improve the stability of the emulsion, it is necessary to choose
an appropriate emulsifier. In suspension concentrate (SC), which is also known as a
flowable concentrate, the active solid ingredient is dissolved in water. Agitation
during formulation is being done for the even distribution. It is safer for the
environment and user. B. thuringiensis var. galleriae 1.3%, B. thuringiensis var.
sphaericus B-101 and Bacillus subtilis are available in 2% suspension concentrate.
Entomopathogenic fungi-based SC formulation of Beauveria bassiana is available
as 1.15%, 10% SC. Ultra-low volume formulation (ULV) contains 100% active
ingredient. It is used for mosquito control and has agriculture and forestry application. Newer formulation, capsule suspension is developed in which active
ingredients are encapsulated in starch/cellulose or other polymers that can be
dissolved in water before use. This type of formulation is used to protect the
bioagents from harsh unfavourable conditions. Liquid aerosol is also used against
field pests where the active ingredients are kept in the form of liquid or the gaseous
phase (in case of fumigants) in a pressurized container. Thus, by pushing nozzle,
very fine-droplets of liquid or gas can be applied to the target surface (Tijjani et al.
2016).
11.12.3 Compatibility of Biopesticides
It is the ability to mix various pesticides without affecting physical and chemical
nature that results in increased effectiveness and reduced phytotoxicity. Compatibility is an important aspect to be considered while using combination of biopesticides.
One of the limitations with biological pesticides is that it has a very narrow host
range and is effective at controlled environmental conditions. The sole use of
biopesticides is not sufficient to control plant-feeding insect or mite populations.
Thus, to increase the effectiveness of biopesticides, appropriate compatible conventional pesticides can be mixed to increase the synergism. Also “biorational” or
262
M. Rajamani and A. Negi