• The soil around the roots of cranberries should be moist and humid, protection
from harmful UV light and temperatures is often suitable for the survival of
nematodes.
• Nematodes can withstand short-term exposure of (2–24 h) to many chemical and
biological insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, fertilizers and growth regulators.
11.7.3 Disadvantages of EPN
• Nematodes are sensitive to environmental conditions such as UV and high
temperatures; conditions that may be hard to control.
• Compared to traditional chemical insecticides, nematodes are generally very
expensive. In a natural system, the number of insect hosts and nematodes is in
balance. If the natural balance is overloaded with nematodes, they will kill the
insects but will then die off themselves until insect populations start to build
again. Hence re-application of nematode is essential.
• Since nematodes cannot live above the soil, they cannot infect insects that live
above soil such as foliar-inhabiting insects. Nematode formulations have a short
shelf life.
• It should be applied early in the morning or in the evening to protect from UV
radiation.
• Pre- and post-irrigation is required for moistening the soil and washing the
nematodes into the soil.
Table 11.5 List of commercially available EPN based biopesticides
Entomopathogenic
nematodes
Host range
Commercial products
H. bacteriophora
Effective against root weevils,
cutworms, fleas, borers and fungal
gnats. Effective against black vine
weevil populations by 56–100%
BioSafe, Larvanem, Nemaplant,
NemaShield-HB, Nematop,
Nematech-H NemaTrident-H,
NemaTrident-C, Nema-green,
Optinem-H
H. indica
H. armigera, Conogethes
punctiferalis, Athalia proxima
Soldier, Nema power,
GrubTerminator, Grubcure,
Calterm, Aarmour
H. downesi
Black vine weevil
NemaTrident-CT
Steinernema
feltiae, S. riobravis
Effective against black vine
weevils, strawberry root weevils,
cutworms, cranberry girdler and
termites
Biosafe, Ecomask, Hortscan,
Guardian, Millenium, Nematac C,
NoFlea, Savior WG, Scanmask,
Termask, Vector
S. carpocapsae
Borer beetles, caterpillars, crane
fly, moth larvae, coconut
rhinoceros beetle
Capsanem, Carpocapsae-system,
Exhibitline SC, Optinem-C,
NemaGard, Nemastar,
NemaTrident-T, NemaRed,
Nemasys-C, Palma-life
Source: Koul (2011), Gupta et al. (2010), Ruiu (2018)
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251
from harmful UV light and temperatures is often suitable for the survival of
nematodes.
• Nematodes can withstand short-term exposure of (2–24 h) to many chemical and
biological insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, fertilizers and growth regulators.
11.7.3 Disadvantages of EPN
• Nematodes are sensitive to environmental conditions such as UV and high
temperatures; conditions that may be hard to control.
• Compared to traditional chemical insecticides, nematodes are generally very
expensive. In a natural system, the number of insect hosts and nematodes is in
balance. If the natural balance is overloaded with nematodes, they will kill the
insects but will then die off themselves until insect populations start to build
again. Hence re-application of nematode is essential.
• Since nematodes cannot live above the soil, they cannot infect insects that live
above soil such as foliar-inhabiting insects. Nematode formulations have a short
shelf life.
• It should be applied early in the morning or in the evening to protect from UV
radiation.
• Pre- and post-irrigation is required for moistening the soil and washing the
nematodes into the soil.
Table 11.5 List of commercially available EPN based biopesticides
Entomopathogenic
nematodes
Host range
Commercial products
H. bacteriophora
Effective against root weevils,
cutworms, fleas, borers and fungal
gnats. Effective against black vine
weevil populations by 56–100%
BioSafe, Larvanem, Nemaplant,
NemaShield-HB, Nematop,
Nematech-H NemaTrident-H,
NemaTrident-C, Nema-green,
Optinem-H
H. indica
H. armigera, Conogethes
punctiferalis, Athalia proxima
Soldier, Nema power,
GrubTerminator, Grubcure,
Calterm, Aarmour
H. downesi
Black vine weevil
NemaTrident-CT
Steinernema
feltiae, S. riobravis
Effective against black vine
weevils, strawberry root weevils,
cutworms, cranberry girdler and
termites
Biosafe, Ecomask, Hortscan,
Guardian, Millenium, Nematac C,
NoFlea, Savior WG, Scanmask,
Termask, Vector
S. carpocapsae
Borer beetles, caterpillars, crane
fly, moth larvae, coconut
rhinoceros beetle
Capsanem, Carpocapsae-system,
Exhibitline SC, Optinem-C,
NemaGard, Nemastar,
NemaTrident-T, NemaRed,
Nemasys-C, Palma-life
Source: Koul (2011), Gupta et al. (2010), Ruiu (2018)
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