complex systems of interlinked biomass value chains (Virchow et al. 2014; Poku
et al. 2018). Still based on the same approach, Brazil uses sugarcane biomass as a
raw material to produce bio-based products, ranging from food (sugar and related
products), bioenergy (ethanol, bioelectricity), bio-based bulk materials (bio-plastic)
to bio-based high-value products (e.g., flavors and fragrances) (Scheiterle et al.
2018).
Both Ghana and Brazil use biomass value webs to interlink value chains in which
food, feed, fuel, and other biomass-based raw materials are produced, processed,
traded, and consumed (Virchow et al. 2016). Potential bioeconomy products or new
cassava value chains include biogas, biofuel, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics,
bioplastics, detergents, etc. (Poku et al. 2018). Then, potential bioeconomy products
of sugarcane are not too much different with cassava, such as bioplastics, colorants,
organic acids, amino acids, lubricants, flavors and fragrances, cosmetics, detergents,
etc. (Scheiterle et al. 2018). Ghana combines the concepts of the biomass value web
with the Diamond model (Poku et al. 2018), while Brazil combines it with National
Innovation System (NIS) (Scheiterle et al. 2018). The two concepts have the same
basis, namely identifying the actors involved in the biomass value web and
analyzing competitive advantage of value web (Poku et al. 2018; Scheiterle et al.
2018). Poku et al. (2018) found that the actors playing an important role in
strengthening cassava value chains are out-grower or contract farming, an institution
such as financial institutions and public extension services and government policies.
The actors playing an essential role in sugarcane value chains are bureaucratic
system, the exchange of qualified employees between research and industry, and
the development of public–private partnership (Scheiterle et al. 2018).
The development of a sustainable bioeconomy for replacing non-renewable
resources also depends on innovations in biomass transformation processes (Valenti
et al. 2020). Valenti et al. (2020) investigated the effect of using feedstock mixture
on methane production for bioenergy generation using anaerobic co-digestion
(AcoD). They explained that AcoD has several benefits, such as improving the
stabilization of the process, the dilution of inhibitory substances, the nutrient balance, and the reduction of GHG emissions. This study used 10 Mediterranean
feedstocks highly available in the Mediterranean area, i.e., olive pomace, olive
mill wastewater, citrus pulp, poultry litter, poultry, and cattle manure, whey, and
cereal straw. They used the feedstocks highly available because there is a transport
cost problem in this sector. So, this study was done to select the best biomasses
producing methane optimally.
The other innovation that has been carried out towards sustainable bioeconomy
transitions is using integrating pyrolysis in a winery waste biorefinery. This study
was done by Zabaniotou et al. (2018). This study uses cascade waste biorefining
approaches to ensure sustainable use of biomass for food, feed, energy, and
bio-based products. Wastes produced by wineries are used as biorefinery feedstock
because the wastes are suitable and fulfill the criteria of availability.
A sustainable bioeconomy is not the task of one or two people. Many actors are
needed in this area to keep it sustainable. Arujanan and Singaram (2018) concluded
that we need a strategy that focuses on many sectors, such as accessibility for
230
C. Agus et al.
et al. 2018). Still based on the same approach, Brazil uses sugarcane biomass as a
raw material to produce bio-based products, ranging from food (sugar and related
products), bioenergy (ethanol, bioelectricity), bio-based bulk materials (bio-plastic)
to bio-based high-value products (e.g., flavors and fragrances) (Scheiterle et al.
2018).
Both Ghana and Brazil use biomass value webs to interlink value chains in which
food, feed, fuel, and other biomass-based raw materials are produced, processed,
traded, and consumed (Virchow et al. 2016). Potential bioeconomy products or new
cassava value chains include biogas, biofuel, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics,
bioplastics, detergents, etc. (Poku et al. 2018). Then, potential bioeconomy products
of sugarcane are not too much different with cassava, such as bioplastics, colorants,
organic acids, amino acids, lubricants, flavors and fragrances, cosmetics, detergents,
etc. (Scheiterle et al. 2018). Ghana combines the concepts of the biomass value web
with the Diamond model (Poku et al. 2018), while Brazil combines it with National
Innovation System (NIS) (Scheiterle et al. 2018). The two concepts have the same
basis, namely identifying the actors involved in the biomass value web and
analyzing competitive advantage of value web (Poku et al. 2018; Scheiterle et al.
2018). Poku et al. (2018) found that the actors playing an important role in
strengthening cassava value chains are out-grower or contract farming, an institution
such as financial institutions and public extension services and government policies.
The actors playing an essential role in sugarcane value chains are bureaucratic
system, the exchange of qualified employees between research and industry, and
the development of public–private partnership (Scheiterle et al. 2018).
The development of a sustainable bioeconomy for replacing non-renewable
resources also depends on innovations in biomass transformation processes (Valenti
et al. 2020). Valenti et al. (2020) investigated the effect of using feedstock mixture
on methane production for bioenergy generation using anaerobic co-digestion
(AcoD). They explained that AcoD has several benefits, such as improving the
stabilization of the process, the dilution of inhibitory substances, the nutrient balance, and the reduction of GHG emissions. This study used 10 Mediterranean
feedstocks highly available in the Mediterranean area, i.e., olive pomace, olive
mill wastewater, citrus pulp, poultry litter, poultry, and cattle manure, whey, and
cereal straw. They used the feedstocks highly available because there is a transport
cost problem in this sector. So, this study was done to select the best biomasses
producing methane optimally.
The other innovation that has been carried out towards sustainable bioeconomy
transitions is using integrating pyrolysis in a winery waste biorefinery. This study
was done by Zabaniotou et al. (2018). This study uses cascade waste biorefining
approaches to ensure sustainable use of biomass for food, feed, energy, and
bio-based products. Wastes produced by wineries are used as biorefinery feedstock
because the wastes are suitable and fulfill the criteria of availability.
A sustainable bioeconomy is not the task of one or two people. Many actors are
needed in this area to keep it sustainable. Arujanan and Singaram (2018) concluded
that we need a strategy that focuses on many sectors, such as accessibility for
230
C. Agus et al.