organic resource derived from plants and animals, and the rich source of biomass is
crops and their residue (Poku et al. 2018).
Bioeconomy is part of the green economy concept (Scarlat et al. 2015). The
model offered by bioeconomy for sustainability management places more emphasis
on knowledge transfer (D’Amato et al. 2019). Bioeconomy faces a dilemma. On the
one hand, bioeconomy would focus on new growth of traditional and emerging
bio-based sector opportunities, but on the other hand, it is constrained by global
challenges (e.g., raw material supply constraints) as well as resource and environmental constraints (IEEP 2014; European Commission 2014).
The duality problem shows that the development of bioeconomy is not without
challenges (Scheiterle et al. 2018). The sustainability of raw material, efficiency in
use, and economy of scales in biomass mobilization becomes the crucial problem
faced by the modern bio-based economy (Scarlat et al. 2015). The increasing use of
biomass will also threaten global food security because the production cost of
biomass is not cheaper, and it will lead to higher food prices and affect food security
in the coming years (Rosegrant et al. 2013; Scheiterle et al. 2018).
Most countries have launched their bioeconomy strategies. In the EU, a strategy
on bioeconomy has launched in 2012 intending to drive the transition from a fossil
fuel-based economy to a bio-based economy that is geared to obtain sustainable
economic growth and create new jobs in all areas related to the sector (Egea et al.
2018). In the same year, 2012, Malaysia has launched Bioeconomy Transformation
Programme (BTP) that is expected to be one of the strategies transforming Malaysia
into a high-income nation with activities focusing on agriculture productivity and
sustainable industrial processes (Arujanan and Singaram 2018).
The EU horizon 2020 program associated with the bioeconomy strategy was
predicted to create €45 billion in added value and 130,000 jobs in the bioeconomy
sectors by 2025 (Egea et al. 2018). Similar to the EU program, BTP in Malaysia is
also expected to create 170,000 new job opportunities by the year 2020 (Arujanan
and Singaram 2018). Agriculture and food and feed production play an essential role
in the bioeconomy strategy of Poland, where the share of agriculture in generating
gross value added was 41% in 2014 (Woźniak and Twardowski 2018). Poland has
considerable potential in producing biomass to be produced into energy or conversion into biofuels and raw industrial materials (Woźniak and Twardowski 2018).
Sub-Saharan Africa agriculture has transformed from food supply to the biomass
supply and processing sector to support other global and international bioeconomic
products (Timilsina et al. 2012; Virchow et al. 2016). An increase in demand for
food and agriculture indirectly shifts the sector activities towards more secure,
higher quality, promote consumer health, and with differentiated added values
(Lainez et al. 2018). Besides, to reduce dependence on imports of oil and intermediate inputs, bioeconomy strategy in Africa also sought to create employment, income,
and economic growth, especially in rural areas, by diversifying the markets for
agricultural commodities (Poku et al. 2018) and promoting rural and coastal development also became one of the goals of the bioeconomy strategy in Spain (Lainez
et al. 2018). Cascade use of biomass is also used as a strategy to process cassava
biomass or by-products in Ghana (Poku et al. 2018). This strategy is related to the
10 Tropical Biological Natural Resource Management Through Integrated. . .
229
crops and their residue (Poku et al. 2018).
Bioeconomy is part of the green economy concept (Scarlat et al. 2015). The
model offered by bioeconomy for sustainability management places more emphasis
on knowledge transfer (D’Amato et al. 2019). Bioeconomy faces a dilemma. On the
one hand, bioeconomy would focus on new growth of traditional and emerging
bio-based sector opportunities, but on the other hand, it is constrained by global
challenges (e.g., raw material supply constraints) as well as resource and environmental constraints (IEEP 2014; European Commission 2014).
The duality problem shows that the development of bioeconomy is not without
challenges (Scheiterle et al. 2018). The sustainability of raw material, efficiency in
use, and economy of scales in biomass mobilization becomes the crucial problem
faced by the modern bio-based economy (Scarlat et al. 2015). The increasing use of
biomass will also threaten global food security because the production cost of
biomass is not cheaper, and it will lead to higher food prices and affect food security
in the coming years (Rosegrant et al. 2013; Scheiterle et al. 2018).
Most countries have launched their bioeconomy strategies. In the EU, a strategy
on bioeconomy has launched in 2012 intending to drive the transition from a fossil
fuel-based economy to a bio-based economy that is geared to obtain sustainable
economic growth and create new jobs in all areas related to the sector (Egea et al.
2018). In the same year, 2012, Malaysia has launched Bioeconomy Transformation
Programme (BTP) that is expected to be one of the strategies transforming Malaysia
into a high-income nation with activities focusing on agriculture productivity and
sustainable industrial processes (Arujanan and Singaram 2018).
The EU horizon 2020 program associated with the bioeconomy strategy was
predicted to create €45 billion in added value and 130,000 jobs in the bioeconomy
sectors by 2025 (Egea et al. 2018). Similar to the EU program, BTP in Malaysia is
also expected to create 170,000 new job opportunities by the year 2020 (Arujanan
and Singaram 2018). Agriculture and food and feed production play an essential role
in the bioeconomy strategy of Poland, where the share of agriculture in generating
gross value added was 41% in 2014 (Woźniak and Twardowski 2018). Poland has
considerable potential in producing biomass to be produced into energy or conversion into biofuels and raw industrial materials (Woźniak and Twardowski 2018).
Sub-Saharan Africa agriculture has transformed from food supply to the biomass
supply and processing sector to support other global and international bioeconomic
products (Timilsina et al. 2012; Virchow et al. 2016). An increase in demand for
food and agriculture indirectly shifts the sector activities towards more secure,
higher quality, promote consumer health, and with differentiated added values
(Lainez et al. 2018). Besides, to reduce dependence on imports of oil and intermediate inputs, bioeconomy strategy in Africa also sought to create employment, income,
and economic growth, especially in rural areas, by diversifying the markets for
agricultural commodities (Poku et al. 2018) and promoting rural and coastal development also became one of the goals of the bioeconomy strategy in Spain (Lainez
et al. 2018). Cascade use of biomass is also used as a strategy to process cassava
biomass or by-products in Ghana (Poku et al. 2018). This strategy is related to the
10 Tropical Biological Natural Resource Management Through Integrated. . .
229