aspect for sustainable development. The synergism between biological resources
(flora, fauna, human) and land resources (land, minerals, water, air, microclimate)
by the development of Integrated Bio-cycle Management (IBM) through empowerment of life cycle assessment as a closed-to-natural ecosystem would manage
our tropical natural resources through multifunctional and multi-product system.
Information about agroecosystem, life cycle assessment, biowaste, bioenergy,
bioeconomy on tropical natural resources would give valuable concepts for
sustainable development of smart tropical agroecosystem management. This
integrated farming system can produce food, feed, fiber, fertilizer, wood, energy,
water, oxygen, medicine, mysticism, and tourism, so they have added values in
environmental, economic, socio-cultural, and health aspects. This system is
essential for the sustainable and productive management of tropical natural
resources.
Keywords
Bioeconomy · Biogeochemical cycles · Integrated system · Knowledge-based
development · Natural resources · Sustainable development · Tropical ecosystem
10.1 Introduction
“Indonesia is known as the emerald of the equator, which has high values of natural
resources, although it also has a huge disaster risk” (Agus 2019). “The tropical
ecosystem has a high temperature, rainfall, moisture, light intensity, and rapid
organic cycling along a year, so they have the highest biodiversity and net primary
production in the world” (Agus 2018). “As a part of the ring of fire, the land becomes
more fertile because always be supplied by new volcanic materials, which contains a
lot of essential nutrients” (Agus 2019).
Tropical natural resources have great potential resources but are still of less
economic value because they are still under management that is not on naturebased development (Agus 2019). Agus et al. (2018) reported that high net primary
production in a humid tropical forest ecosystem is more supported by a fast organic
cycle than decayed acid soil with low fertility. Intensive deforestation and overexploitation of open mining have been the leading causes of severe land degradation
and severe local-global environmental damage (Agus et al. 2018, 2019a, 2019b,
2019c). Excessive exploitation of natural resources in tropical ecosystems has
caused significant problems in economic, environmental, and socio-cultural aspects
(Agus 2019; Agus et al. 2019d, 2019e, 2020b).
Indonesia as an agrarian-based country produces a variety of agricultural
commodities, from food crops such as rice, cassava, and corn, to non-food crops
including rubber, oil palm, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, coconut, and species
(Fuglie 2003). As a complete agriculture producer, Indonesia faces an immense
challenge in developing a sustainable farming system which covers all aspect:
economy, environment, and socio-culture. Covering 55 million hectares (ha) of
210
C. Agus et al.
(flora, fauna, human) and land resources (land, minerals, water, air, microclimate)
by the development of Integrated Bio-cycle Management (IBM) through empowerment of life cycle assessment as a closed-to-natural ecosystem would manage
our tropical natural resources through multifunctional and multi-product system.
Information about agroecosystem, life cycle assessment, biowaste, bioenergy,
bioeconomy on tropical natural resources would give valuable concepts for
sustainable development of smart tropical agroecosystem management. This
integrated farming system can produce food, feed, fiber, fertilizer, wood, energy,
water, oxygen, medicine, mysticism, and tourism, so they have added values in
environmental, economic, socio-cultural, and health aspects. This system is
essential for the sustainable and productive management of tropical natural
resources.
Keywords
Bioeconomy · Biogeochemical cycles · Integrated system · Knowledge-based
development · Natural resources · Sustainable development · Tropical ecosystem
10.1 Introduction
“Indonesia is known as the emerald of the equator, which has high values of natural
resources, although it also has a huge disaster risk” (Agus 2019). “The tropical
ecosystem has a high temperature, rainfall, moisture, light intensity, and rapid
organic cycling along a year, so they have the highest biodiversity and net primary
production in the world” (Agus 2018). “As a part of the ring of fire, the land becomes
more fertile because always be supplied by new volcanic materials, which contains a
lot of essential nutrients” (Agus 2019).
Tropical natural resources have great potential resources but are still of less
economic value because they are still under management that is not on naturebased development (Agus 2019). Agus et al. (2018) reported that high net primary
production in a humid tropical forest ecosystem is more supported by a fast organic
cycle than decayed acid soil with low fertility. Intensive deforestation and overexploitation of open mining have been the leading causes of severe land degradation
and severe local-global environmental damage (Agus et al. 2018, 2019a, 2019b,
2019c). Excessive exploitation of natural resources in tropical ecosystems has
caused significant problems in economic, environmental, and socio-cultural aspects
(Agus 2019; Agus et al. 2019d, 2019e, 2020b).
Indonesia as an agrarian-based country produces a variety of agricultural
commodities, from food crops such as rice, cassava, and corn, to non-food crops
including rubber, oil palm, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, coconut, and species
(Fuglie 2003). As a complete agriculture producer, Indonesia faces an immense
challenge in developing a sustainable farming system which covers all aspect:
economy, environment, and socio-culture. Covering 55 million hectares (ha) of
210
C. Agus et al.