rotary evaporator at the respective boiling point of the solvent (Khare et al. 2018).
The solvent used for the extraction process of bioactive components from the
botanicals varies based on the solute which is going to be extracted. Commonly
used solvents are hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and water
listed based on the polarity in ascending order (Hassan et al. 2018; Shrivastava and
Mishra 2019).
Table 8.3 Phytochemicals and their effectiveness against different stored pests
Description of botanical
Effectiveness
References
Essential oil of Mentha
viridis
90% mortality against adults of
Callosobruchus maculates at 4%
concentration
Singh (2016)
Essential oil of Rosmarinus
officinale
85% mortality against larvae of Tribolium
castaneum at 3% concentration
Singh (2016)
Essential oil of Pistacia
atlantica, P. kurdica, and
P. khinjuk
Strong toxicity against adults of
Callosobruchus maculatus
Pourya et al.
(2018)
Essential oil of citronella
90–100% repellency against adult of
T. castaneum
Licciardello
et al. (2013)
Extract of Xylopia
aethiopica
Effective toxicity in controlling
T. Castaneum with 95% ethanol extract but
no repellent activity
Babarinde and
Adeyemo
(2010)
Rhizome of Drynaria
quercifolia
Effective pesticidal activity at 0.88–1.77 mg/
cm
2 using ethanol extract and repellency at
0.94 to 0.23 mg/cm
2 against T. castaneum
Khan et al.
(2014)
Catmint oil (Nepeta cataria)
and hydrogenated catmint oil
Effective repellency against T. castaneum
and T. confusum adults
Arthur et al.
(2011)
Acetone extract of Curcuma
longa and Allium sativum
Effective reduction in emergence of larvae
for T. castaneum
Ali et al. (2014)
Methanol extracts of Acorus
calamus and Illicium verum
fruit
100% mortality of Sitophilus oryzae and
Callosobruchus chinensis
Kim et al.
(2003)
Extracts of Clausena
excavate, C. lansium, and
C. emarginata
Repellent activity against Liposcelis
bostrychophila (100%, 98%, and 96%,
respectively)
Guo et al.
(2018)
Essential oil of Amomum
villosum
Contact toxicity against T. castaneum and
Lasioderma serricorne
Chen et al.
(2018)
Leaf extracts of Cleistanthus
collinus
Toxicity and repellency against adults of
S. oryzae and T. castaneum
PirasannaPandi et al.
(2018)
Essential oil of Cyperus
rotundus
90–95% repellency against adults of
O. surinamensis, T. granarium
Janaki et al.
(2018)
Essential oil of Cuminum
cyminum L.
Mean repellency activity of 92.58 against
T. castaneum
Khorrami et al.
(2018)
Essential oil of Artemisia
dubia
Fumigant toxicity and repellency against
T. castaneum and Liposcelis bostrychophila
with LC 50 values of 49.54 and 0.74 mg/L
Liang et al.
(2018)
Note: Effectiveness of botanicals tested at laboratory scale only
174
L. Manickam et al.
The solvent used for the extraction process of bioactive components from the
botanicals varies based on the solute which is going to be extracted. Commonly
used solvents are hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and water
listed based on the polarity in ascending order (Hassan et al. 2018; Shrivastava and
Mishra 2019).
Table 8.3 Phytochemicals and their effectiveness against different stored pests
Description of botanical
Effectiveness
References
Essential oil of Mentha
viridis
90% mortality against adults of
Callosobruchus maculates at 4%
concentration
Singh (2016)
Essential oil of Rosmarinus
officinale
85% mortality against larvae of Tribolium
castaneum at 3% concentration
Singh (2016)
Essential oil of Pistacia
atlantica, P. kurdica, and
P. khinjuk
Strong toxicity against adults of
Callosobruchus maculatus
Pourya et al.
(2018)
Essential oil of citronella
90–100% repellency against adult of
T. castaneum
Licciardello
et al. (2013)
Extract of Xylopia
aethiopica
Effective toxicity in controlling
T. Castaneum with 95% ethanol extract but
no repellent activity
Babarinde and
Adeyemo
(2010)
Rhizome of Drynaria
quercifolia
Effective pesticidal activity at 0.88–1.77 mg/
cm
2 using ethanol extract and repellency at
0.94 to 0.23 mg/cm
2 against T. castaneum
Khan et al.
(2014)
Catmint oil (Nepeta cataria)
and hydrogenated catmint oil
Effective repellency against T. castaneum
and T. confusum adults
Arthur et al.
(2011)
Acetone extract of Curcuma
longa and Allium sativum
Effective reduction in emergence of larvae
for T. castaneum
Ali et al. (2014)
Methanol extracts of Acorus
calamus and Illicium verum
fruit
100% mortality of Sitophilus oryzae and
Callosobruchus chinensis
Kim et al.
(2003)
Extracts of Clausena
excavate, C. lansium, and
C. emarginata
Repellent activity against Liposcelis
bostrychophila (100%, 98%, and 96%,
respectively)
Guo et al.
(2018)
Essential oil of Amomum
villosum
Contact toxicity against T. castaneum and
Lasioderma serricorne
Chen et al.
(2018)
Leaf extracts of Cleistanthus
collinus
Toxicity and repellency against adults of
S. oryzae and T. castaneum
PirasannaPandi et al.
(2018)
Essential oil of Cyperus
rotundus
90–95% repellency against adults of
O. surinamensis, T. granarium
Janaki et al.
(2018)
Essential oil of Cuminum
cyminum L.
Mean repellency activity of 92.58 against
T. castaneum
Khorrami et al.
(2018)
Essential oil of Artemisia
dubia
Fumigant toxicity and repellency against
T. castaneum and Liposcelis bostrychophila
with LC 50 values of 49.54 and 0.74 mg/L
Liang et al.
(2018)
Note: Effectiveness of botanicals tested at laboratory scale only
174
L. Manickam et al.