Bykova MV, Ermakov DY, Kaichev VV, Bulavchenko OA, Saraev AA, Lebedev MY, Yakovlev
VА (2012) Ni-based sol–gel catalysts as promising systems for crude bio-oil upgrading:
guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation study. Appl Catal B Environ 113:296–307. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.apcatb.2011.11.051
Cai CM, Zhang T, Kumar R, Wyman CE (2013) THF co-solvent enhances hydrocarbon fuel
precursor yields from lignocellulosic biomass. Green Chem 15(11):3140–3145
Cai J, He Y, Yu X, Banks SW, Yang Y, Zhang X, Yu Y, Liu R, Bridgwater AV (2017) Review of
physicochemical properties and analytical characterization of lignocellulosic biomass. Renew
Sust Energ Rev 76:309–322
Carrier M, Windt M, Ziegler B, Appelt J, Saake B, Meier D, Bridgwater A (2017) Quantitative
insights into the fast pyrolysis of extracted cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. ChemSusChem
10(16):3212–3224. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700984
Carvalho AV, da Costa Lopes AM, Bogel-Łukasik R (2015) Relevance of the acidic 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate ionic liquid in the selective catalysis of the biomass
hemicellulose fraction. RSC Adv 5(58):47153–47164
Clark JH, Deswarte FEI (2008) The biorefinery concept–an integrated approach. In: Clark JH,
Deswarte FEI (eds) Introduction to chemicals from biomass. Wiley series in renewable
resources. Wiley, Padstow, pp 1–20
Chang HN, Lee PC, Lee S (2008) Succinic acid production by Anaerobiospirillum
succiniciproducens ATCC 29305 growing on galactose, galactose/glucose, and galactose/lactose. J Microbiol Biotechnol 18(11):1792–1796
Chang C, Xiaojian MA, Peilin CEN (2009) Kinetic studies on wheat straw hydrolysis to levulinic
acid. Chin J Chem Eng 17(5):835–839
Chang J, Danuthai T, Dewiyanti S, Wang C, Borgna A (2013) Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol
over carbon-supported metal catalysts. ChemCatChem 5(10):3041–3049. https://doi.org/10.
1002/cctc.201300096
Chen KQ, Li J, Ma JF, Jiang M, Wei P, Liu ZM, Ying HJ (2011) Succinic acid production by
Actinobacillus succinogenes using hydrolysates of spent yeast cells and corn fiber. Bioresour
Technol 102(2):1704–1708
Chen MY, Huang YB, Pang H, Liu XX, Fu Y (2015) Hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived
phenols into alkanes over carbon nanotube supported Ru catalysts in biphasic systems. Green
Chem 17(3):1710–1717. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC01992J
Chen W, McClelland DJ, Azarpira A, Ralph J, Luo Z, Huber GW (2016) Low temperature
hydrogenation of pyrolytic lignin over Ru/TiO 2: 2D HSQC and 13 C NMR study of reactants
and products. Green Chem 18(1):271–281. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC02286J
Chin HC, Choong WW, Wan Alwi SR, Mohammed AH (2013) Issues of social acceptance on
biofuel development. J Clean Prod 71:30–39
Collard FX, Blin J (2014) A review on pyrolysis of biomass constituents: mechanisms and
composition of the products obtained from the conversion of cellulose, hemicelluloses and
lignin. Renew Sust Energ Rev 38:594–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.06.013
Crestini C, Pro P, Neri V, Saladino R (2005) Methyltrioxorhenium: a new catalyst for the activation
of hydrogen peroxide to the oxidation of lignin and lignin model compounds. Bioorg Med
Chem 13(7):2569–2578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.049
Crestini C, Caponi MC, Argyropoulos DS, Saladino R (2006) Immobilized methyltrioxo rhenium
(MTO)/H2O2 systems for the oxidation of lignin and lignin model compounds. Bioorg Med
Chem 14(15):5292–5302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2006.03.046
Dabral S, Engel J, Mottweiler J, Spoehrle SS, Lahive CW, Bolm C (2018) Mechanistic studies of
base-catalysed lignin depolymerisation in dimethyl carbonate. Green Chem 20(1):170–182.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C7GC03110F
Dai L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Ruan R, He C, Yu Z, Jiang L, Zeng Z, Tian X (2019) Integrated process of
lignocellulosic biomass torrefaction and pyrolysis for upgrading bio-oil production: a state-ofthe-art review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 107:20–36
122
D. Ramesh et al.
VА (2012) Ni-based sol–gel catalysts as promising systems for crude bio-oil upgrading:
guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation study. Appl Catal B Environ 113:296–307. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.apcatb.2011.11.051
Cai CM, Zhang T, Kumar R, Wyman CE (2013) THF co-solvent enhances hydrocarbon fuel
precursor yields from lignocellulosic biomass. Green Chem 15(11):3140–3145
Cai J, He Y, Yu X, Banks SW, Yang Y, Zhang X, Yu Y, Liu R, Bridgwater AV (2017) Review of
physicochemical properties and analytical characterization of lignocellulosic biomass. Renew
Sust Energ Rev 76:309–322
Carrier M, Windt M, Ziegler B, Appelt J, Saake B, Meier D, Bridgwater A (2017) Quantitative
insights into the fast pyrolysis of extracted cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. ChemSusChem
10(16):3212–3224. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700984
Carvalho AV, da Costa Lopes AM, Bogel-Łukasik R (2015) Relevance of the acidic 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate ionic liquid in the selective catalysis of the biomass
hemicellulose fraction. RSC Adv 5(58):47153–47164
Clark JH, Deswarte FEI (2008) The biorefinery concept–an integrated approach. In: Clark JH,
Deswarte FEI (eds) Introduction to chemicals from biomass. Wiley series in renewable
resources. Wiley, Padstow, pp 1–20
Chang HN, Lee PC, Lee S (2008) Succinic acid production by Anaerobiospirillum
succiniciproducens ATCC 29305 growing on galactose, galactose/glucose, and galactose/lactose. J Microbiol Biotechnol 18(11):1792–1796
Chang C, Xiaojian MA, Peilin CEN (2009) Kinetic studies on wheat straw hydrolysis to levulinic
acid. Chin J Chem Eng 17(5):835–839
Chang J, Danuthai T, Dewiyanti S, Wang C, Borgna A (2013) Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol
over carbon-supported metal catalysts. ChemCatChem 5(10):3041–3049. https://doi.org/10.
1002/cctc.201300096
Chen KQ, Li J, Ma JF, Jiang M, Wei P, Liu ZM, Ying HJ (2011) Succinic acid production by
Actinobacillus succinogenes using hydrolysates of spent yeast cells and corn fiber. Bioresour
Technol 102(2):1704–1708
Chen MY, Huang YB, Pang H, Liu XX, Fu Y (2015) Hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived
phenols into alkanes over carbon nanotube supported Ru catalysts in biphasic systems. Green
Chem 17(3):1710–1717. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC01992J
Chen W, McClelland DJ, Azarpira A, Ralph J, Luo Z, Huber GW (2016) Low temperature
hydrogenation of pyrolytic lignin over Ru/TiO 2: 2D HSQC and 13 C NMR study of reactants
and products. Green Chem 18(1):271–281. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC02286J
Chin HC, Choong WW, Wan Alwi SR, Mohammed AH (2013) Issues of social acceptance on
biofuel development. J Clean Prod 71:30–39
Collard FX, Blin J (2014) A review on pyrolysis of biomass constituents: mechanisms and
composition of the products obtained from the conversion of cellulose, hemicelluloses and
lignin. Renew Sust Energ Rev 38:594–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.06.013
Crestini C, Pro P, Neri V, Saladino R (2005) Methyltrioxorhenium: a new catalyst for the activation
of hydrogen peroxide to the oxidation of lignin and lignin model compounds. Bioorg Med
Chem 13(7):2569–2578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.049
Crestini C, Caponi MC, Argyropoulos DS, Saladino R (2006) Immobilized methyltrioxo rhenium
(MTO)/H2O2 systems for the oxidation of lignin and lignin model compounds. Bioorg Med
Chem 14(15):5292–5302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2006.03.046
Dabral S, Engel J, Mottweiler J, Spoehrle SS, Lahive CW, Bolm C (2018) Mechanistic studies of
base-catalysed lignin depolymerisation in dimethyl carbonate. Green Chem 20(1):170–182.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C7GC03110F
Dai L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Ruan R, He C, Yu Z, Jiang L, Zeng Z, Tian X (2019) Integrated process of
lignocellulosic biomass torrefaction and pyrolysis for upgrading bio-oil production: a state-ofthe-art review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 107:20–36
122
D. Ramesh et al.