6.7
Conclusion
The different types of agro-residues generated from selected crops and their
compositions have been reviewed. The biomass feedstocks also have the potential
to produce multiple bio-products through appropriate technology. Different types of
bio-products can be derived from agro-residues via the biorefinery approach, and the
biochemicals from cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were briefly discussed. In
order to commercialize the biorefinery technologies, the cost and energy efficiency
and process efficiency must be up-scaled through optimization of the process
parameters.
References
Adsul MG, Varma AJ, Gokhale DV (2007) Lactic acid production from waste sugarcane bagasse
derived cellulose. Green Chem 9(1):58–62
Aida TM, Tajima K, Watanabe M, Saito Y, Kuroda K, Nonaka T, Hattori H, Smith RL Jr, Arai K
(2007) Reactions of d-fructose in water at temperatures up to 400 C and pressures up to
100 MPa. J Supercrit Fluids 42(1):110–119
Alonso DM, Wettstein SG, Mellmer MA, Gurbuz EI, Dumesic JA (2013) Integrated conversion of
hemicellulose and cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. Energy Environ Sci 6(1):76–80
Asghari FS, Yoshida H (2006) Dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in sub-critical
water over heterogeneous zirconium phosphate catalysts. Carbohydr Res 341(14):2379–2387
Bajpai P (2020) Renewable energy versus fossil resources. In: Biotechnology in the chemical
industry: towards a green and sustainable future. Elsevier Inc, Amsterdam, pp 23–30. https://doi.
org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818402-8.00003-3
Basu P (2010) Biomass gasification and pyrolysis: practical design and theory. Academic Press,
Amsterdam
Behling R, Valange S, Chatel G (2016) Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation for lignin valorization
into valuable chemicals: what results? What limitations? What trends? Green Chem 18
(7):1839–1854. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC03061G
Bevilaqua DB, Rambo MK, Rizzetti TM, Cardoso AL, Martins AF (2013) Cleaner production:
levulinic acid from rice husks. J Clean Prod 47:96–101
Blumhoff ML, Steiger MG, Mattanovich D, Sauer M (2013) Targeting enzymes to the right
compartment: metabolic engineering for itaconic acid production by Aspergillus Niger. Metab
Eng 19:26–32
Borges ER, Pereira N (2011) Succinic acid production from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose
hydrolysate by Actinobacillus succinogenes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 38(8):1001–1011
Brazdausks P, Puke M, Vedernikovs N, Kruma I (2014) The effect of catalyst amount on the
production of furfural and acetic acid from birch wood in a biomass pretreatment process. Balt
For 20(1):106–114
Brethauer S, Studer MH (2015) Biochemical conversion processes of lignocellulosic biomass to
fuels and chemicals–a review. CHIMIA Int J Chem 69(10):572–581
Bridgwater T (2007) Pyrolysis of biomass. IEA bioenergy: task 34. Bioenergy Research Group,
Aston University, Birmingham
Bui VN, Laurenti D, Afanasiev P, Geantet C (2011) Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol with CoMo
catalysts. Part I: promoting effect of cobalt on HDO selectivity and activity. Appl Catal B
Environ 101(3-4):239–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.10.025
Bykova MV, Bulavchenko OA, Ermakov DY, Lebedev MY, Yakovlev VA, Parmon VN (2011)
Guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation in the presence of Ni-containing catalysts. Catal Ind 3(1):15–22.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070050411010028
6 Sustainable Biorefinery Technologies for Agro-Residues: Challenges and. . .
121
Conclusion
The different types of agro-residues generated from selected crops and their
compositions have been reviewed. The biomass feedstocks also have the potential
to produce multiple bio-products through appropriate technology. Different types of
bio-products can be derived from agro-residues via the biorefinery approach, and the
biochemicals from cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were briefly discussed. In
order to commercialize the biorefinery technologies, the cost and energy efficiency
and process efficiency must be up-scaled through optimization of the process
parameters.
References
Adsul MG, Varma AJ, Gokhale DV (2007) Lactic acid production from waste sugarcane bagasse
derived cellulose. Green Chem 9(1):58–62
Aida TM, Tajima K, Watanabe M, Saito Y, Kuroda K, Nonaka T, Hattori H, Smith RL Jr, Arai K
(2007) Reactions of d-fructose in water at temperatures up to 400 C and pressures up to
100 MPa. J Supercrit Fluids 42(1):110–119
Alonso DM, Wettstein SG, Mellmer MA, Gurbuz EI, Dumesic JA (2013) Integrated conversion of
hemicellulose and cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. Energy Environ Sci 6(1):76–80
Asghari FS, Yoshida H (2006) Dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in sub-critical
water over heterogeneous zirconium phosphate catalysts. Carbohydr Res 341(14):2379–2387
Bajpai P (2020) Renewable energy versus fossil resources. In: Biotechnology in the chemical
industry: towards a green and sustainable future. Elsevier Inc, Amsterdam, pp 23–30. https://doi.
org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818402-8.00003-3
Basu P (2010) Biomass gasification and pyrolysis: practical design and theory. Academic Press,
Amsterdam
Behling R, Valange S, Chatel G (2016) Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation for lignin valorization
into valuable chemicals: what results? What limitations? What trends? Green Chem 18
(7):1839–1854. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC03061G
Bevilaqua DB, Rambo MK, Rizzetti TM, Cardoso AL, Martins AF (2013) Cleaner production:
levulinic acid from rice husks. J Clean Prod 47:96–101
Blumhoff ML, Steiger MG, Mattanovich D, Sauer M (2013) Targeting enzymes to the right
compartment: metabolic engineering for itaconic acid production by Aspergillus Niger. Metab
Eng 19:26–32
Borges ER, Pereira N (2011) Succinic acid production from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose
hydrolysate by Actinobacillus succinogenes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 38(8):1001–1011
Brazdausks P, Puke M, Vedernikovs N, Kruma I (2014) The effect of catalyst amount on the
production of furfural and acetic acid from birch wood in a biomass pretreatment process. Balt
For 20(1):106–114
Brethauer S, Studer MH (2015) Biochemical conversion processes of lignocellulosic biomass to
fuels and chemicals–a review. CHIMIA Int J Chem 69(10):572–581
Bridgwater T (2007) Pyrolysis of biomass. IEA bioenergy: task 34. Bioenergy Research Group,
Aston University, Birmingham
Bui VN, Laurenti D, Afanasiev P, Geantet C (2011) Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol with CoMo
catalysts. Part I: promoting effect of cobalt on HDO selectivity and activity. Appl Catal B
Environ 101(3-4):239–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.10.025
Bykova MV, Bulavchenko OA, Ermakov DY, Lebedev MY, Yakovlev VA, Parmon VN (2011)
Guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation in the presence of Ni-containing catalysts. Catal Ind 3(1):15–22.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070050411010028
6 Sustainable Biorefinery Technologies for Agro-Residues: Challenges and. . .
121