Table 6.2 (continued)
Biomass substrate
Catalyst, pretreatment, and
growth conditions
Yield
References
5 HMF
Fructose 1%wt
HCl (pH ¼ 1), 150
C, 2 h
27%
de Souza et al.
(2012)
Glucose 1%wt
HCl (pH ¼ 1), 220
C, 2 h
26%
Fructose 100 g/L
0.1 M H 3 PO 4 , 1 wt.% CaP 2 O 6 ,
1 wt.% a-Sr (PO 3 ) 2 , 200
C,
5 min
22–39%
Daorattanachai et al.
(2012)
Glucose 100 g/L
0.1 M H 3 PO 4 , 1 wt.% CaP 2 O 6 ,
1 wt.% a-Sr (PO 3 ) 2 ,
200–230
C, 5 min
4–21%
Fructose 100 g/L
0.1 g/mL TiO 2 , 200
C, 5 min
22 %
Watanabe et al.
(2005)
Fructose 2 wt.%
TiO 2 , 200
C, 1 min
17.8%
Qi et al. (2008)
ZrO 2 , 200
C, 5 min
30.6%
Glucose 2 wt.%
TiO 2 (half of the substrate),
200
C, 5 min
18.6%
Glucose 100 g/L
100 g/L TiO 2 , 200
C, 5 min
20%
Watanabe et al.
(2005)
Fructose 30 wt.%
0.25 M HCl, 180
C, 2.5–3 min 25.5 mol.%
Román-Leshkov
et al. (2006)
Fructose 10 g/L
0.1 g/mL Nb 0.2 –WO 3 , 120
C,
1–3 h
27–30%
Yue et al. (2016)
Glucose 10–100 g/
L
0.1 g/mL Nb 0.2 –WO 3 , 120
C,
3 h
12–34%
Fructose 10 g/L
10 g/L titanate nanotube,
120
C, 0.5 h
16%
Kitano et al. (2010)
Fructose 0.05 M
H 2 SO 4 , pH ¼ 1.5–5, 240
C,
120 s
14.9
À40.6 mol.%
Salak Asghari and
Yoshida (2006)
Fructose 6 wt.%
Cr-VOPO 4 Á2H 2 O, 80
C, 1 h
48.5 mol.%
Kang et al. (2018)
Glucose 0.055 M
100 g/L H 3 PO 4 /Nb 2 O 5 ÁnH 2 O,
120
C, 3 h
47.9 mol.%
Nakajima et al.
(2011)
Glucose 0.05 mol./
L
350–400
C, 0.2–1.7 s
0.1–6.1%
Aida et al. (2007)
Glucose 1 wt.%
Amorphous ZrP (catalyst/
glucose ¼ 1:1À1:4), 240
C,
60–240 s
3.2–23.5 mol.
%
Asghari and
Yoshida (2006)
Glucose 10%
1% CrCl 3 Á6 H 2 O, 130
C,
360 min
13.0 wt.%
Zhou et al. (2017a)
Cellulose
Solvent: [EMIM]Br, Catalyst:
SPPS, pretreatment: Stirring,
180
C, 240 min
68.20%
Li et al. (2018)
Levulinic acid
10% sugar cane
bagasse (with 69%
of sugar polymer)
0.55 M H 2 SO 4 , 150
C, 8 h
63 mol.%
Girisuta et al. (2013)
6.25% wheat straw
3% H 2 SO 4 , 210–230
C,
30 min
19.2 wt.%
Chang et al. (2008)
6% wheat straw
3% H 2 SO 4 , 210
C, 42 min
41 wt.%
Chang et al. (2009)
(continued)
114
D. Ramesh et al.