hazard zone occupies more area in the basin in the present and the future prediction
of flood hazard. Finally, it is concluded that this model can be adopted in the areas of
limited data and an ungauged basin. The model also proves to be an accessible tool
for real-time solutions and immediate actions to be implemented. The flood risk map
developed in the basin is used for providing public awareness and for early warning
of flood forecasting systems. The developed maps are useful to Tiruchirappalli City
Corporation for early flood warnings and also as a valuable tool for proper disaster
and mitigation measures.
References
Ahamad I, Deshang T, TianFang W, Bakhtawar W (2015) Precipitation trends over time using
Mann–Kendall and Spearman’s rho tests in Swat River Basin, Pakistan. Adv Meteorol 10:15
Ali H, Shui LT, Mirzaei M, Memarian H (2012) Incorporation of GIS based program into hydraulic
model for water level modeling on river basin. J Water Resour Prot 4:25–31. https://doi.org/10.
4236/jwarp.2012.41004
Aliani H, Malmir M, Sourodi M, Kafaky SB (2019) Change detection and prediction of urban land
use changes by CA–Markov model (case study: Talesh County). Environ Earth Sci 78:546.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8557-9
An Thi Ngoc Dang, Kumar L (2017) Application of remote sensing and GIS-based hydrological
modelling for flood risk analysis: a case study of District 8, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Geomat
Nat Haz Risk 8(2):1792–1811
Annegret HT et al (2016) Review of the flood risk management system in Germany after the major
flood in 2013. Ecol Soc 21(2):51. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08547-210251
Chow VT, Maidment DR, Mays LW (1988) Applied hydrology. McGraw-Hill International
Editions, Singapore
Chowdhury RK, Beecham S (2010) Australian rainfall trends and their relation to the southern
oscillation index. Hydrol Process 24(4):504–514
Clarke KC, Gaydos LJ (1998) Loose-coupling a cellular automaton model and GIS: long-term
urban growth prediction for San Francisco and Washington/Baltimore. Int J Geogr Inf Sci
12:699–714
Dewan AM, Makoto TK (2006) Flood hazard delineation in greater Dhaka, Bangladesh using an
integrated GIS and remote sensing approach. Geocarto Int 21:2
Dewan AM, Yamaguchi Y (2009) Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh:
using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization. Appl Geogr 29:390–401
Fox DM, Witz E, Blanc V, Soulié C, Penalver-Navarro M, Dervieux A (2012) A case study of landcover change (1950–2003) and runoff in a Mediterranean catchment. Appl Geogr 32
(2):810–821
Gao P, Carbone GJ, Lu J (2018) Flood simulation in South Carolina watersheds using different
precipitation inputs. Adv Meteorol Article ID 4085463:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/
4085463
Ghosh S, Luniya V, Gupta A (2009) Trend analysis of Indian summer monsoon rainfall at different
spatial scales. Atmos Sci Lett 10:285–290
Giandotti M (1934) Previsione delle piene e delle magre dei corsi d’acqua [Forecast of floods and
lean waters]. Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato 8:107–117
Haan CT (1977) Statistical methods in hydrology. Iowa State University Press, Ames
HEC (Hydrologic Engineering Center) (2010) HEC-RAS Hydraulic Reference Manual, Version
4.1. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Centre, Davis
3 Flood Risk Assessment for a Medium Size City Using Geospatial Techniques with. . .
75
of flood hazard. Finally, it is concluded that this model can be adopted in the areas of
limited data and an ungauged basin. The model also proves to be an accessible tool
for real-time solutions and immediate actions to be implemented. The flood risk map
developed in the basin is used for providing public awareness and for early warning
of flood forecasting systems. The developed maps are useful to Tiruchirappalli City
Corporation for early flood warnings and also as a valuable tool for proper disaster
and mitigation measures.
References
Ahamad I, Deshang T, TianFang W, Bakhtawar W (2015) Precipitation trends over time using
Mann–Kendall and Spearman’s rho tests in Swat River Basin, Pakistan. Adv Meteorol 10:15
Ali H, Shui LT, Mirzaei M, Memarian H (2012) Incorporation of GIS based program into hydraulic
model for water level modeling on river basin. J Water Resour Prot 4:25–31. https://doi.org/10.
4236/jwarp.2012.41004
Aliani H, Malmir M, Sourodi M, Kafaky SB (2019) Change detection and prediction of urban land
use changes by CA–Markov model (case study: Talesh County). Environ Earth Sci 78:546.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8557-9
An Thi Ngoc Dang, Kumar L (2017) Application of remote sensing and GIS-based hydrological
modelling for flood risk analysis: a case study of District 8, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Geomat
Nat Haz Risk 8(2):1792–1811
Annegret HT et al (2016) Review of the flood risk management system in Germany after the major
flood in 2013. Ecol Soc 21(2):51. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08547-210251
Chow VT, Maidment DR, Mays LW (1988) Applied hydrology. McGraw-Hill International
Editions, Singapore
Chowdhury RK, Beecham S (2010) Australian rainfall trends and their relation to the southern
oscillation index. Hydrol Process 24(4):504–514
Clarke KC, Gaydos LJ (1998) Loose-coupling a cellular automaton model and GIS: long-term
urban growth prediction for San Francisco and Washington/Baltimore. Int J Geogr Inf Sci
12:699–714
Dewan AM, Makoto TK (2006) Flood hazard delineation in greater Dhaka, Bangladesh using an
integrated GIS and remote sensing approach. Geocarto Int 21:2
Dewan AM, Yamaguchi Y (2009) Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh:
using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization. Appl Geogr 29:390–401
Fox DM, Witz E, Blanc V, Soulié C, Penalver-Navarro M, Dervieux A (2012) A case study of landcover change (1950–2003) and runoff in a Mediterranean catchment. Appl Geogr 32
(2):810–821
Gao P, Carbone GJ, Lu J (2018) Flood simulation in South Carolina watersheds using different
precipitation inputs. Adv Meteorol Article ID 4085463:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/
4085463
Ghosh S, Luniya V, Gupta A (2009) Trend analysis of Indian summer monsoon rainfall at different
spatial scales. Atmos Sci Lett 10:285–290
Giandotti M (1934) Previsione delle piene e delle magre dei corsi d’acqua [Forecast of floods and
lean waters]. Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato 8:107–117
Haan CT (1977) Statistical methods in hydrology. Iowa State University Press, Ames
HEC (Hydrologic Engineering Center) (2010) HEC-RAS Hydraulic Reference Manual, Version
4.1. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Centre, Davis
3 Flood Risk Assessment for a Medium Size City Using Geospatial Techniques with. . .
75