pemanfaatan-ebtcapai-23-pada-tahun-2025; Capacity of 1.81 GW at end-2017 from ESDM,
“Capaian Sub Sektor Ketenagalistrikan Dan EBTKE Tahun 2017 Dan Outlook 2018”, press
release (Jakarta: 10 January 2018), https://www.esdm.go.id/en/media-center/arsip-berita/
capaian-2017-dan-outlook-2018-subsektor-ketenagalistrikan-dan-ebtkeESDM (2018b) Handbook of energy & economic statistics of Indonesia, Jakarta, July 2018. https://
www.esdm.go.id/en/publikasi/handbook-of-energy-and-economic
Frick S, Kaltschmitt M, Schröder G (2010) Life cycle assessment of geothermal binary power plants
using enhanced low-temperature reservoirs. Energy 35:2281–2294
Fridleifsson IB, Bertani R, Huenges E, Lund JW, Ragnarsson Á, Rybach L (2008) The possible role
and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change. In: Hohmeyer O,
Trittin T (eds) Proceedings of IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources, Luebeck,
Germany, pp 59–80
Gudmundsson JS, Lund JW (1985) Direct uses of earth heat. Int J Ener Res 9:345–375
Heijungs R (1996) Identification of key issues for further investigation in improving the reliability
of life-cycle assessments. J Clean Prod 4:159–166
Hondo H (2005) Life cycle GHG emission analysis of power generation systems: Japanese case.
Energy 30:2042–2056. https://geothermal.org/Annual_Meeting/PDFs/Geothermal_Develop
ment_in_Africa-2018.pdf
Hondo H (2017) Capacity data and capacity additions in 2018 from sources in endnote 1, and on
sources noted elsewhere in this section. For the purpose of this figure, end-2017 capacity is
assumed to be equal to end-2018 capacity less new capacity installed during 2018
Hondo H, Toshiba Corporation and Ormat Technologies Inc (2017) One of the world’s largest
geothermal power plants commences commercial operation, press release, Reno, NV and
Tokyo, 22 March 2017. http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2017_03/pr2201.htm; Patel S
(2017) Sarulla, one of the world’s largest geothermal power projects, comes alive with private
finance. POWER, 1 December. http://www.powermag.com/sarullaone-of-the-worlds-largestgeothermal-power-projects-comesalive-with-private-finance
IEA (2015) Energy technology perspectives 2015. Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD)/International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France
IEA (2018) Estimates based on the following sources: power capacity data for Italy, Japan, Mexico
and New Zealand from International Energy Agency (IEA) Geothermal, 2018 Draft Annual
Report. Taupo, New Zealand, February 2019. http://iea-gia.org/publications-2/annualreports/;
IEA Geothermal, geothermal power statistics 2017, Taupo, New Zealand: February 2019. http://
iea-gia.org/publications-2/working-group-publications/; Power capacity data for Iceland, Indonesia, Philippines, Turkey and the United States from sources noted elsewhere in this section;
capacity data for other countries from International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA),
Renewable Capacity Statistics 2019, Abu Dhabi, 2019. https://www.irena.org/publications/
2019/Mar/Capacity-Statistics-2019; Additional capacity data by country from Renewable
Energy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), Renewables Global Status Report 2018,
Paris, 2018. http://www.ren21.net/gsr_2018_full_report_en; Estimated electricity generation
in 2018 from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and IEA,
Renewables 2018, datafiles, Paris, 2018. Heat capacity and output is an extrapolation from fiveyear growth rates calculated from generation and capacity data for 2009 and 2014, from Lund
JW, Boyd TL (2016) Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2015 worldwide review.
Geothermics 60(March):66–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.11.004
Igor Ilic (2019) Croatia seeks to triple renewable energy output. Reuters, 11 April 2019. https://
www.reuters.com/article/croatia-energy/croatia-seeks-to-triple-renewable-energyoutputidUSL8N21T37L; Igor Ilic, Croatia eyes more gas and oil production, use of geothermal
sources. Reuters, 26 March 2019. https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/
idAFL8N21D4AZ
IRENA (2018) Capacity of 1,063.7 MW and 40 plants at end-2017, and 43 plants and 1,199 MW of
capacity as of September 2018, from Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TEİAŞ),
http://www.teias.gov.tr, viewed March 2019; capacity of 1,283 MW for 2018 from IRENA,
op. cit. note 1
11 Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
269
“Capaian Sub Sektor Ketenagalistrikan Dan EBTKE Tahun 2017 Dan Outlook 2018”, press
release (Jakarta: 10 January 2018), https://www.esdm.go.id/en/media-center/arsip-berita/
capaian-2017-dan-outlook-2018-subsektor-ketenagalistrikan-dan-ebtkeESDM (2018b) Handbook of energy & economic statistics of Indonesia, Jakarta, July 2018. https://
www.esdm.go.id/en/publikasi/handbook-of-energy-and-economic
Frick S, Kaltschmitt M, Schröder G (2010) Life cycle assessment of geothermal binary power plants
using enhanced low-temperature reservoirs. Energy 35:2281–2294
Fridleifsson IB, Bertani R, Huenges E, Lund JW, Ragnarsson Á, Rybach L (2008) The possible role
and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change. In: Hohmeyer O,
Trittin T (eds) Proceedings of IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources, Luebeck,
Germany, pp 59–80
Gudmundsson JS, Lund JW (1985) Direct uses of earth heat. Int J Ener Res 9:345–375
Heijungs R (1996) Identification of key issues for further investigation in improving the reliability
of life-cycle assessments. J Clean Prod 4:159–166
Hondo H (2005) Life cycle GHG emission analysis of power generation systems: Japanese case.
Energy 30:2042–2056. https://geothermal.org/Annual_Meeting/PDFs/Geothermal_Develop
ment_in_Africa-2018.pdf
Hondo H (2017) Capacity data and capacity additions in 2018 from sources in endnote 1, and on
sources noted elsewhere in this section. For the purpose of this figure, end-2017 capacity is
assumed to be equal to end-2018 capacity less new capacity installed during 2018
Hondo H, Toshiba Corporation and Ormat Technologies Inc (2017) One of the world’s largest
geothermal power plants commences commercial operation, press release, Reno, NV and
Tokyo, 22 March 2017. http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2017_03/pr2201.htm; Patel S
(2017) Sarulla, one of the world’s largest geothermal power projects, comes alive with private
finance. POWER, 1 December. http://www.powermag.com/sarullaone-of-the-worlds-largestgeothermal-power-projects-comesalive-with-private-finance
IEA (2015) Energy technology perspectives 2015. Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD)/International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France
IEA (2018) Estimates based on the following sources: power capacity data for Italy, Japan, Mexico
and New Zealand from International Energy Agency (IEA) Geothermal, 2018 Draft Annual
Report. Taupo, New Zealand, February 2019. http://iea-gia.org/publications-2/annualreports/;
IEA Geothermal, geothermal power statistics 2017, Taupo, New Zealand: February 2019. http://
iea-gia.org/publications-2/working-group-publications/; Power capacity data for Iceland, Indonesia, Philippines, Turkey and the United States from sources noted elsewhere in this section;
capacity data for other countries from International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA),
Renewable Capacity Statistics 2019, Abu Dhabi, 2019. https://www.irena.org/publications/
2019/Mar/Capacity-Statistics-2019; Additional capacity data by country from Renewable
Energy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), Renewables Global Status Report 2018,
Paris, 2018. http://www.ren21.net/gsr_2018_full_report_en; Estimated electricity generation
in 2018 from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and IEA,
Renewables 2018, datafiles, Paris, 2018. Heat capacity and output is an extrapolation from fiveyear growth rates calculated from generation and capacity data for 2009 and 2014, from Lund
JW, Boyd TL (2016) Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2015 worldwide review.
Geothermics 60(March):66–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.11.004
Igor Ilic (2019) Croatia seeks to triple renewable energy output. Reuters, 11 April 2019. https://
www.reuters.com/article/croatia-energy/croatia-seeks-to-triple-renewable-energyoutputidUSL8N21T37L; Igor Ilic, Croatia eyes more gas and oil production, use of geothermal
sources. Reuters, 26 March 2019. https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/
idAFL8N21D4AZ
IRENA (2018) Capacity of 1,063.7 MW and 40 plants at end-2017, and 43 plants and 1,199 MW of
capacity as of September 2018, from Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TEİAŞ),
http://www.teias.gov.tr, viewed March 2019; capacity of 1,283 MW for 2018 from IRENA,
op. cit. note 1
11 Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
269