carbon reduction potential taking in additional financing and technology transfer and
maintaining the process while creating resilience for the city. The definition encourages sustainable growth and demonstrates how geothermal energy can boost adaptation as well as mitigation. An extensive list of measures that can be used to track
Geo-AdaM geothermal mitigation adaptation activities compared to the baseline
includes the following (Ogola et al. 2012b):
• Reduced CO 2 -eq per annum
• Sum of megawatts has increased towards the adaptation and mitigation
contribution
• Various geothermal resource-based projects and their effect on adaptation and
mitigation
• Part of the population benefited from growth, including jobs and increased access
to clean water
• Decreased economic losses resulting from extreme climatic conditions
• Increased agricultural production in greenhouses with geothermal heating, crop
drying, and preservation of food items
• The number of persons with better health increased and the number of disabled
people has decreased
• Significant reduction of human and animal casualties where frequent
droughts occur
Life Cycle Assessment
During recent years, many life cycle assessment (LCA) methods have been introduced for renewable energy technologies based on their GHG emissions through
power plants. Because several of these studies have assessed the overall adequacy of
renewable energy systems, the uncertainty in the results is fairly high. For instance, a
recent IPCC study, based mainly on assessment of about 50 LCAs of wind turbines,
confirmed a comparatively wide range of carbon emission from 2 to 81 g CO 2 -eq/
kWh. LCA results from such IPCC studies range from 6 to 79 g CO 2 -eq/kWh for
geothermal systems (including EGS power stations) (Moomaw et al. 2011).
Moreover, LCA studies recorded throughout the geothermal sector are not
numerous, compared to other renewable technologies. In certain cases, the findings
reported so far are very common in some cases (Pehnt 2006), or instead, may be
specific to a particular geographic area (Hondo 2005). Generally, the results of
individual LCAs can only be applicable of a specific technology and can test a
number of claims and limitations (e.g., for shipping and the type of accountable
materials). More LCA assessment in the geothermal industry currently seeks the
expertise of enacting legislation promoting and evaluating promoted plants.
The development of an LCA is very time consuming, particularly by collecting
data on the outputs and inputs of resources and energy movements over the evaluated system life cycle. Analysing a panel of engineering concepts in a specified
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265
maintaining the process while creating resilience for the city. The definition encourages sustainable growth and demonstrates how geothermal energy can boost adaptation as well as mitigation. An extensive list of measures that can be used to track
Geo-AdaM geothermal mitigation adaptation activities compared to the baseline
includes the following (Ogola et al. 2012b):
• Reduced CO 2 -eq per annum
• Sum of megawatts has increased towards the adaptation and mitigation
contribution
• Various geothermal resource-based projects and their effect on adaptation and
mitigation
• Part of the population benefited from growth, including jobs and increased access
to clean water
• Decreased economic losses resulting from extreme climatic conditions
• Increased agricultural production in greenhouses with geothermal heating, crop
drying, and preservation of food items
• The number of persons with better health increased and the number of disabled
people has decreased
• Significant reduction of human and animal casualties where frequent
droughts occur
Life Cycle Assessment
During recent years, many life cycle assessment (LCA) methods have been introduced for renewable energy technologies based on their GHG emissions through
power plants. Because several of these studies have assessed the overall adequacy of
renewable energy systems, the uncertainty in the results is fairly high. For instance, a
recent IPCC study, based mainly on assessment of about 50 LCAs of wind turbines,
confirmed a comparatively wide range of carbon emission from 2 to 81 g CO 2 -eq/
kWh. LCA results from such IPCC studies range from 6 to 79 g CO 2 -eq/kWh for
geothermal systems (including EGS power stations) (Moomaw et al. 2011).
Moreover, LCA studies recorded throughout the geothermal sector are not
numerous, compared to other renewable technologies. In certain cases, the findings
reported so far are very common in some cases (Pehnt 2006), or instead, may be
specific to a particular geographic area (Hondo 2005). Generally, the results of
individual LCAs can only be applicable of a specific technology and can test a
number of claims and limitations (e.g., for shipping and the type of accountable
materials). More LCA assessment in the geothermal industry currently seeks the
expertise of enacting legislation promoting and evaluating promoted plants.
The development of an LCA is very time consuming, particularly by collecting
data on the outputs and inputs of resources and energy movements over the evaluated system life cycle. Analysing a panel of engineering concepts in a specified
11 Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
265