For this aim, it is therefore essential to examine the ecological effects of conventional geothermal technologies (i.e., hydrothermal systems) with the life cycle, such
as done by Bravi and Basosi (2014) and Parisi et al. (2019) for conditions found in
Italy and for generic conditions by Sullivan et al. (2010), 2011).
Reduction in GHG emissions and climate change mitigation are the major issues
of our time. However, development of geothermal resources has been proved one of
the key solutions for reduction of CO 2 emission and can be a substitute for fossil
fuels. The eco-friendly nature of geothermal resources has been found most advantageous to add to a renewable energy mix. The application of geothermal energy in
direct and indirect forms has, on the basis of its enthalpy, already been discussed by
various researchers (Rybach 2010a). It has been estimated that by 2050 the geothermal development will reduce CO 2 by 100 Mt/year, with electricity generation by
geothermal resources and around 300 Mt/year by direct uses (Rybach 2010b). India
is a developing country in the field of geothermal exploration, exploitation, and
power production. In India, organisations such as GSI, NGRI, and CEGE are
working on its development. In this study the application of geothermal energy in
various forms is described. The present work also narrates the development of
geothermal sources throughout the world, with their power generation capacity.
This chapter suggests some of the geothermal energy mitigation plans and flow
that can be adapted by the Indian geothermal industry. The chapter also discusses
how to instigate a life cycle assessment plan of an enhanced geothermal system for
the reduction of GHG emission.
Applications and Status of Geothermal Energy in the World
The three important features of any geothermal energy reservoir are a water source,
an impervious rock cap, and a heat source. Structural faults provide the means of
movement for hot water and steam to disperse in the cap rocks, which creates hot
springs, fumaroles, and geysers.
These geothermal resources can be utilized for numerous direct and indirect
applications (Basaran and Ozegener 2013). The present researchers analysed in
depth the discovery and development status of geothermal resources in India and
around the world (Sircar et al. 2015). In India, exploration activities for geothermal
resources have been conducted in four major locations: in the Himalayan provinces
(Puga geothermal field, Chhumthang geothermal field, Manikaran geothermal field,
Beas valley, Sutluj and Spiti valley, Tapoban geothermal field), the Son-Narmada
Lineament (Tatapani geothermal field, Anhoni- Sanmoni Area, Unkeshwar geothermal field), West coast geothermal provinces, and the geothermal field present in
Cambay region (Dholera, Gandhar, Unai, Lasundra, Tuwa, and Chhabsar geothermal provinces). Various geophysical activities have been conducted in these areas
such as magnetotelluric, magnetic, and gravity. For the first time in India a threedimensional (3D) magneto-telluric survey was conducted for geothermal exploration
in Unai (Sahajpal et al. 2015). Geothermal energy can be used in two major ways:
11 Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
245
as done by Bravi and Basosi (2014) and Parisi et al. (2019) for conditions found in
Italy and for generic conditions by Sullivan et al. (2010), 2011).
Reduction in GHG emissions and climate change mitigation are the major issues
of our time. However, development of geothermal resources has been proved one of
the key solutions for reduction of CO 2 emission and can be a substitute for fossil
fuels. The eco-friendly nature of geothermal resources has been found most advantageous to add to a renewable energy mix. The application of geothermal energy in
direct and indirect forms has, on the basis of its enthalpy, already been discussed by
various researchers (Rybach 2010a). It has been estimated that by 2050 the geothermal development will reduce CO 2 by 100 Mt/year, with electricity generation by
geothermal resources and around 300 Mt/year by direct uses (Rybach 2010b). India
is a developing country in the field of geothermal exploration, exploitation, and
power production. In India, organisations such as GSI, NGRI, and CEGE are
working on its development. In this study the application of geothermal energy in
various forms is described. The present work also narrates the development of
geothermal sources throughout the world, with their power generation capacity.
This chapter suggests some of the geothermal energy mitigation plans and flow
that can be adapted by the Indian geothermal industry. The chapter also discusses
how to instigate a life cycle assessment plan of an enhanced geothermal system for
the reduction of GHG emission.
Applications and Status of Geothermal Energy in the World
The three important features of any geothermal energy reservoir are a water source,
an impervious rock cap, and a heat source. Structural faults provide the means of
movement for hot water and steam to disperse in the cap rocks, which creates hot
springs, fumaroles, and geysers.
These geothermal resources can be utilized for numerous direct and indirect
applications (Basaran and Ozegener 2013). The present researchers analysed in
depth the discovery and development status of geothermal resources in India and
around the world (Sircar et al. 2015). In India, exploration activities for geothermal
resources have been conducted in four major locations: in the Himalayan provinces
(Puga geothermal field, Chhumthang geothermal field, Manikaran geothermal field,
Beas valley, Sutluj and Spiti valley, Tapoban geothermal field), the Son-Narmada
Lineament (Tatapani geothermal field, Anhoni- Sanmoni Area, Unkeshwar geothermal field), West coast geothermal provinces, and the geothermal field present in
Cambay region (Dholera, Gandhar, Unai, Lasundra, Tuwa, and Chhabsar geothermal provinces). Various geophysical activities have been conducted in these areas
such as magnetotelluric, magnetic, and gravity. For the first time in India a threedimensional (3D) magneto-telluric survey was conducted for geothermal exploration
in Unai (Sahajpal et al. 2015). Geothermal energy can be used in two major ways:
11 Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
245