Chiodi AM, Harrison DE (2013) El Niño impacts on seasonal U.S. atmospheric circulation,
temperature, and precipitation anomalies: the OLR-event perspective. J Climate 26:822–837
Goswami BN, Venugopal V, Sengupta D, Madhusoodanam MS, Xavier PK (2006) Increasing
trends of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment. Science 314:1442–1445
Guhathakurta P, Rajeevan M (2008) Trends in the rainfall pattern over India. Int J Climatol
28:1453–1469
https://ggweather.com/enso/oni.htm
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-variability-oceanic-ni%
C3%B1o-index
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/indicators/soi/
Kiladis GN, Diaz HF (1989) Global climatic anomalies associated with extremes in the Southern
Oscillation. J Climate 2:1069–1090
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A (1997) Climatic impact of El Nino/La Nina on the Indian monsoon: a
new perspective. Weather 52:39–46
Krishna Kumar K, Rajagopalan B, Cane MA (1999) On the weakening relationship between the
Indian monsoon and ENSO. Science 284:2156–2159
Krishnakumar KN, Prasada Rao GSLHV, Gopakumar CS (2009) Rainfall trends in the twentieth
century over Kerala, India. Atmos Environ 43:1940–1944
Kumar KR, Pant GB, Parthasarathy B, Sontakke NA (1992) Spatial and sub-seasonal patterns of the
long-term trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Int J Climatol 12:257–268
Mooley DA (1997) Variation of summer monsoon rainfall over India in El Nino. Mausam
48:413–420
Mooley DA, Paolino DA (1989) The response of the Indian monsoon associated with the change in
sea surface temperature over the eastern south equatorial Pacific. Mausam 40:369–380
Mooley DA, Parthasarathy B (1984) Fluctuations in all-India summer monsoon rainfall during
1871–1978. Clim Change 6:287–301
Normand C (1953) Monsoon seasonal forecasting. Q J R Meteorol Soc 79:463–473
Parthasarathy B (1984) Inter-annual and long-term variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall.
Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci) 93:371–385
Parthasarathy B, Dhar ON (1978) Climate fluctuations over Indian region. Rainfall: a review,
Research report no. RR-025. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune
Parthasarathy B, Pant GB (1985) Seasonal relationships between Indian summer rainfall and the
southern oscillation. J Climate 5:369–378
Parthasarathy B, Kumar KR, Munot A (1993) Homogeneous Indian monsoon rainfall: variability
and prediction. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci) 102:121–155
Pramanik SK, Jagannathan P (1954) Climate change in India. I. Rainfall. Indian J Meteorol
Geophys 4:291–309
Rasmussen EM, Carpenter TH (1982) Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface
wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon Weather Rev 110:354–384
Rasmusson EM, Carpenter TH (1983) The relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific sea
surface temperatures and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka. Mon Weather Rev 111:517–528
Revadekar JV, Kulkarni A (2008) The El Nino Southern Oscillation and winter precipitation
extremes over India. Int J Climatol 28:1445–1452
Saji NH, Gowami BN, Vinayachandran PN, Yamagata T (1999) A dipole moment in the tropical
Indian Ocean. Nature 401:360–363
Sikka DR (1980) Some aspects of large scale fluctuations of summer monsoon rainfall over India in
relation to fluctuations in the planetary and regional scale circulation parameters. Proc Indian
Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci) 89:179–195
Soman MK, Kumar KK (1990) Some aspects of daily rainfall distribution over India during the
south west monsoon season. Int J Climatol 10:299–311
Soman MK, Krishna Kumar K, Singh N (1988) Decreasing trend in the rainfall of Kerala. Curr Sci
57:7–12
10 Impact of Climate Extremes of El Nina and La Nina in Patterns of Seasonal. . .
241
temperature, and precipitation anomalies: the OLR-event perspective. J Climate 26:822–837
Goswami BN, Venugopal V, Sengupta D, Madhusoodanam MS, Xavier PK (2006) Increasing
trends of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment. Science 314:1442–1445
Guhathakurta P, Rajeevan M (2008) Trends in the rainfall pattern over India. Int J Climatol
28:1453–1469
https://ggweather.com/enso/oni.htm
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-variability-oceanic-ni%
C3%B1o-index
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/indicators/soi/
Kiladis GN, Diaz HF (1989) Global climatic anomalies associated with extremes in the Southern
Oscillation. J Climate 2:1069–1090
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A (1997) Climatic impact of El Nino/La Nina on the Indian monsoon: a
new perspective. Weather 52:39–46
Krishna Kumar K, Rajagopalan B, Cane MA (1999) On the weakening relationship between the
Indian monsoon and ENSO. Science 284:2156–2159
Krishnakumar KN, Prasada Rao GSLHV, Gopakumar CS (2009) Rainfall trends in the twentieth
century over Kerala, India. Atmos Environ 43:1940–1944
Kumar KR, Pant GB, Parthasarathy B, Sontakke NA (1992) Spatial and sub-seasonal patterns of the
long-term trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Int J Climatol 12:257–268
Mooley DA (1997) Variation of summer monsoon rainfall over India in El Nino. Mausam
48:413–420
Mooley DA, Paolino DA (1989) The response of the Indian monsoon associated with the change in
sea surface temperature over the eastern south equatorial Pacific. Mausam 40:369–380
Mooley DA, Parthasarathy B (1984) Fluctuations in all-India summer monsoon rainfall during
1871–1978. Clim Change 6:287–301
Normand C (1953) Monsoon seasonal forecasting. Q J R Meteorol Soc 79:463–473
Parthasarathy B (1984) Inter-annual and long-term variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall.
Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci) 93:371–385
Parthasarathy B, Dhar ON (1978) Climate fluctuations over Indian region. Rainfall: a review,
Research report no. RR-025. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune
Parthasarathy B, Pant GB (1985) Seasonal relationships between Indian summer rainfall and the
southern oscillation. J Climate 5:369–378
Parthasarathy B, Kumar KR, Munot A (1993) Homogeneous Indian monsoon rainfall: variability
and prediction. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci) 102:121–155
Pramanik SK, Jagannathan P (1954) Climate change in India. I. Rainfall. Indian J Meteorol
Geophys 4:291–309
Rasmussen EM, Carpenter TH (1982) Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface
wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon Weather Rev 110:354–384
Rasmusson EM, Carpenter TH (1983) The relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific sea
surface temperatures and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka. Mon Weather Rev 111:517–528
Revadekar JV, Kulkarni A (2008) The El Nino Southern Oscillation and winter precipitation
extremes over India. Int J Climatol 28:1445–1452
Saji NH, Gowami BN, Vinayachandran PN, Yamagata T (1999) A dipole moment in the tropical
Indian Ocean. Nature 401:360–363
Sikka DR (1980) Some aspects of large scale fluctuations of summer monsoon rainfall over India in
relation to fluctuations in the planetary and regional scale circulation parameters. Proc Indian
Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci) 89:179–195
Soman MK, Kumar KK (1990) Some aspects of daily rainfall distribution over India during the
south west monsoon season. Int J Climatol 10:299–311
Soman MK, Krishna Kumar K, Singh N (1988) Decreasing trend in the rainfall of Kerala. Curr Sci
57:7–12
10 Impact of Climate Extremes of El Nina and La Nina in Patterns of Seasonal. . .
241