eastern Pacific and more in the Atlantic Ocean because of the switch in strength of
vertical wind shear between the Eastern Pacific and the Atlantic. Atmospheric
stability is observed in the Eastern Pacific during the La Nina phase. Vertical wind
shear denotes the fluctuation in wind speed and direction between approximately
5,000 and 35,000 ft above the ground. A developing hurricane can be torn apart by
strong vertical wind shear.
Impact of ENSO on Global Average Temperature
Global temperature is increased during El Nino years whereas it tends to decrease
during La Nina years. The phases of ENSO are neither creating nor eliminating
energy from our climate system; La Nina buries the Earth’s prevailing heat while the
El Nino exposes it. This type of reshuffling is called an internal climate variability.
Importance in Prediction of ENSO
On predicting the impact of ENSO, precautionary measures could be taken before
the influence of extreme weather, which could cause a life-threatening situation for
people in the coastal regions. Unnecessary damage could be avoided if safety
measures are provided in anticipation of prevailing flood or drought conditions.
Fishery, agriculture, energy, transportation, water and energy resources, and
healthcare units are the sectors most affected by ENSO.
Discussion
As obtained from the three-dimensional (3D) models, Figs. 10.4 and 10.5 show that
both El Niño and La Niña have impacts on rainfall along coastal Karnataka. A graph
is plotted with the El Niño and La Niña intensities, which are classified into weak,
moderate, strong, and very strong based on the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI), which is
the measure of deviations from the normal sea surface temperature. The 3D model
was plotted using Matlab software.
ENSO Effect on Peak Rainfall
A graph plotted between El Niño years and peak rainfall gives a positive linear
regression of 0.082 (Fig. 10.6). The positive sign indicates that rainfall increases
with an increase in El Niño intensity, and vice versa. Similarly, another graph is
236
A. Stanley Raj and B. Chendhoor
vertical wind shear between the Eastern Pacific and the Atlantic. Atmospheric
stability is observed in the Eastern Pacific during the La Nina phase. Vertical wind
shear denotes the fluctuation in wind speed and direction between approximately
5,000 and 35,000 ft above the ground. A developing hurricane can be torn apart by
strong vertical wind shear.
Impact of ENSO on Global Average Temperature
Global temperature is increased during El Nino years whereas it tends to decrease
during La Nina years. The phases of ENSO are neither creating nor eliminating
energy from our climate system; La Nina buries the Earth’s prevailing heat while the
El Nino exposes it. This type of reshuffling is called an internal climate variability.
Importance in Prediction of ENSO
On predicting the impact of ENSO, precautionary measures could be taken before
the influence of extreme weather, which could cause a life-threatening situation for
people in the coastal regions. Unnecessary damage could be avoided if safety
measures are provided in anticipation of prevailing flood or drought conditions.
Fishery, agriculture, energy, transportation, water and energy resources, and
healthcare units are the sectors most affected by ENSO.
Discussion
As obtained from the three-dimensional (3D) models, Figs. 10.4 and 10.5 show that
both El Niño and La Niña have impacts on rainfall along coastal Karnataka. A graph
is plotted with the El Niño and La Niña intensities, which are classified into weak,
moderate, strong, and very strong based on the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI), which is
the measure of deviations from the normal sea surface temperature. The 3D model
was plotted using Matlab software.
ENSO Effect on Peak Rainfall
A graph plotted between El Niño years and peak rainfall gives a positive linear
regression of 0.082 (Fig. 10.6). The positive sign indicates that rainfall increases
with an increase in El Niño intensity, and vice versa. Similarly, another graph is
236
A. Stanley Raj and B. Chendhoor