González, D., Amigo, J., & Suárez, F. (2017). Membrane distillation:
Perspectives for sustainable and improved desalination. Renewable
& Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 238–259.
Hickenbottom, K. L., Hancock, N. T., Hutchings, N. R., Appleton, E.
W., Beaudry, E. G., Xu, P., & Cath, T. Y. (2013). Forward osmosis
treatment of drilling mud and fracturing wastewater from oil and gas
operations. Desalination, 312, 60–66.
Holloway, R. W., Achilli, A., & Cath, T. Y. (2015). The osmotic
membrane bioreactor: A critical review. Environmental Science:
Water Research & Technology, 1, 581–605.
Huang, A., & Feng, B. (2018). Synthesis of novel graphene
oxide-polyimide hollow fiber membranes for seawater desalination.
Journal of Membrane Science, 548, 59–65.
Huang, Y., & Feng, X. (2019). Polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration:
Fundamentals, applications and recent developments. Journal of
Membrane Science, 586, 53–83.
Igunnu, E. T., & Chen, G. Z. (2012). Produced water treatment
technologies. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies,
9, 157–177.
Jang, E., Jeong, S., & Chung, E. (2017). Application of three different
water treatment technologies to shale gas produced water. Geosystem Engineering, 20, 104–110.
Johnson, D. W., Muppavarapu, N., & Shipley, H. J. (2017). Aeration
waste heat for membrane evaporation of desalination brine
concentrate. Journal of Membrane Science, 539, 1–13.
Johnson, H. E., & Schulman, B. L. (1993). Assessment of the potential
for refinery applications of inorganic membrane technology: An
identification and screening analysis (p. 217). Technical Report
prepared by SFA Pacific, Inc. for U.S. Department of Energy,
DOE/FE/61680-H3, Washington, DC.
Kang, S., Asatekin, A., Mayes, A. M., & Elimelech, M. (2007). Protein
antifouling mechanisms of PAN UF membranes incorporating
PAN-g-PEO additive. Journal of Membrane Science, 296(1), 42–50.
Kim, B., Kwak, R., Kwon, H. J., Pham, V. S., Kim, M., Al-Anzi, B.,
et al. (2016). Purification of high salinity brine by multi-stage ion
concentration polarization desalination. Scientific Reports, 6, 31850.
Kim, E.-S., Liu, Y., & Gamal El-Din, M. (2011). The effects of
pretreatment on nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane
filtration for desalination of oil sands process-affected water.
Separation Science and Technology, 81, 418–428.
Kim, J., Kim, J., & Hong, S. (2018). Recovery of water and minerals
from shale gas produced water by membrane distillation crystallization. Water Research, 129, 447–459.
Kim, J., Kwon, H., Lee, S., & Hong, S. (2017). Membrane distillation
(MD) integrated with crystallization (MDC) for shale gas produced
water (SGPW) treatment. Desalination, 403, 172–178.
Kim, S. J., Ko, S. H., Kang, K. H., & Han, J. (2010). Direct seawater
desalination by ion concentration polarization. Nature Nanotechnology, 5, 297–301.
Kwak, R., Pham, V. S., Kim, B., Chen, L., & Han, J. (2016). Enhanced
salt removal by unipolar ion conduction in ion concentration
polarization desalination. Scientific Reports, 6, 25349.
Lee, R. L., & Dong, J. (2004). Modified reverse osmosis system for
treatment of produced waters. Technical Report prepared by New
Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology for U.S. Department of
Energy, 2004.
Lester, Y., Yacob, T., Morrissey, I., & Linden, K. G. (2014). Can we
treat hydraulic fracturing flowback with a conventional biological
process? The case of guar gum. Environmental Science &
Technology Letters, 1, 133–136.
Li, L., & Lee, R. (2009). Purification of produced water by ceramic
membranes: Material screening, process design and economics.
Separation Science and Technology, 44, 3455–3484.
Li, Z., Rana, D., Matsuura, T., & Lan, C. Q. (2019). The performance
of polyvinylidene fluoride—polytetrafluoroethylene nanocomposite
distillation membranes: An experimental and numerical study.
Separation and Purification Technology, 226, 192–208.
Li, X.-M., Zhao, B., Wang, Z., Xie, M., Song, J., Nghiem, L. D., et al.
(2014). Water reclamation from shale gas drilling flow-back fluid
using a novel forward osmosis-vacuum membrane distillation
hybrid system. Water Science & Technology, 69, 1036–1044.
Liu, N., Li, L., McPherson, B., & Lee, R. (2008). Removal of organics
from produced water by reverse osmosis using MFI-type zeolite
membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 325, 357–361.
Lokare, O. R., Tavakkoli, S., Wadekar, S., Khanna, V., & Vidic, R. D.
(2017). Fouling in direct contact membrane distillation of produced
water from unconventional gas extraction. Journal of Membrane
Science, 524, 493–501.
Lopez, A. M., Dunsworth, H., & Hestekin, J. A. (2016). Reduction of
the shadow spacer effect using reverse electrodeionization and its
applications in water recycling for hydraulic fracturing operations.
Separation and Purification Technology, 162, 84–90.
McGinnis, R. L., Hancock, N. T., Nowosielski-Slepowron, M. S., &
McGurgan, G. D. (2013). Pilot demonstration of the NH 3 /CO 2
forward osmosis desalination process on high salinity brines.
Desalination, 312, 67–74.
Miller, D. J., Huang, X., Li, H., Kasemset, S., Lee, A., Agnihotri, D.,
et al. (2013). Fouling-resistant membranes for the treatment of
flowback water from hydraulic shale fracturing: A pilot study.
Journal of Membrane Science, 437, 265–275.
Monzon, O., Yang, Y., Li, Q., & Alvarez, P. J. J. (2016). Quorum
sensing autoinducers enhance biofilm formation and power production in a hypersaline microbial fuel cell. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 109, 222–227.
Monzon, O., Yang, Y., Yu, C., Li, Q., & Alvarez, P. J. J. (2015).
Microbial fuel cells under extreme salinity: Performance and
microbial analysis. Environmental Chemistry, 12, 293–299.
Moslehyani, A., Ismail, A. F., Othman, M. H. D., & Matsuura, T.
(2015). Design and performance study of hybrid photocatalytic
reactor-PVDF/MWCNT nanocomposite membrane system for
treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. Desalination, 363,
99–111.
Mulder, M. (1996). Basic principles of membrane technology.
Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer academic Publishers.
Munirasu, S., Haija, M. A., & Banat, F. (2016). Use of membrane
technology for oil field and refinery produced water treatment—A
review. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 100, 183–
202.
Park, J., Kim, K., Shin, J. W., & Park, Y. K. (2019). Analysis of
multistage membrane and distillation hybrid processes for
propylene/propane separation. Chemical Engineering Transactions,
74, 871–876.
Quist-Jensen, C. A., Macedonio, F., Horbez, D., & Drioli, E. (2017).
Reclamation of sodium sulfate from industrial wastewater by using
membrane distillation and membrane crystallization. Desalination,
401, 112–119.
Rao, G., & Li, Y. (2015). Feasibility study of flowback/produced water
treatment using direct-contact membrane distillation. Desalination
and Water Treatment, 57, 21314–21327.
Ravanchi, M. T., Kaghazchi, T., & Kargari, A. (2009). Application of
membrane separation processes in petrochemical industry: A
review. Desalination, 235, 199–244.
Rezaei, M., Warsinger, D. M., Lienhard, V. J. H., Duke, M. C.,
Matsuura, T., & Samhaber, W. M. (2018). Wetting phenomena in
membrane distillation: Mechanisms, reversal, and prevention. Water
Research, 139, 329–352.
Riley, S. M., Oliveira, J. M. S., Regnery, J., & Cath, T. Y. (2016).
Hybrid membrane bio-systems for sustainable treatment of oil and
gas produced water and fracturing flowback water. Separation and
Purification Technology, 171, 297–311.
Hydrocarbon Separation and Removal Using Membranes
89
Perspectives for sustainable and improved desalination. Renewable
& Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 238–259.
Hickenbottom, K. L., Hancock, N. T., Hutchings, N. R., Appleton, E.
W., Beaudry, E. G., Xu, P., & Cath, T. Y. (2013). Forward osmosis
treatment of drilling mud and fracturing wastewater from oil and gas
operations. Desalination, 312, 60–66.
Holloway, R. W., Achilli, A., & Cath, T. Y. (2015). The osmotic
membrane bioreactor: A critical review. Environmental Science:
Water Research & Technology, 1, 581–605.
Huang, A., & Feng, B. (2018). Synthesis of novel graphene
oxide-polyimide hollow fiber membranes for seawater desalination.
Journal of Membrane Science, 548, 59–65.
Huang, Y., & Feng, X. (2019). Polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration:
Fundamentals, applications and recent developments. Journal of
Membrane Science, 586, 53–83.
Igunnu, E. T., & Chen, G. Z. (2012). Produced water treatment
technologies. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies,
9, 157–177.
Jang, E., Jeong, S., & Chung, E. (2017). Application of three different
water treatment technologies to shale gas produced water. Geosystem Engineering, 20, 104–110.
Johnson, D. W., Muppavarapu, N., & Shipley, H. J. (2017). Aeration
waste heat for membrane evaporation of desalination brine
concentrate. Journal of Membrane Science, 539, 1–13.
Johnson, H. E., & Schulman, B. L. (1993). Assessment of the potential
for refinery applications of inorganic membrane technology: An
identification and screening analysis (p. 217). Technical Report
prepared by SFA Pacific, Inc. for U.S. Department of Energy,
DOE/FE/61680-H3, Washington, DC.
Kang, S., Asatekin, A., Mayes, A. M., & Elimelech, M. (2007). Protein
antifouling mechanisms of PAN UF membranes incorporating
PAN-g-PEO additive. Journal of Membrane Science, 296(1), 42–50.
Kim, B., Kwak, R., Kwon, H. J., Pham, V. S., Kim, M., Al-Anzi, B.,
et al. (2016). Purification of high salinity brine by multi-stage ion
concentration polarization desalination. Scientific Reports, 6, 31850.
Kim, E.-S., Liu, Y., & Gamal El-Din, M. (2011). The effects of
pretreatment on nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane
filtration for desalination of oil sands process-affected water.
Separation Science and Technology, 81, 418–428.
Kim, J., Kim, J., & Hong, S. (2018). Recovery of water and minerals
from shale gas produced water by membrane distillation crystallization. Water Research, 129, 447–459.
Kim, J., Kwon, H., Lee, S., & Hong, S. (2017). Membrane distillation
(MD) integrated with crystallization (MDC) for shale gas produced
water (SGPW) treatment. Desalination, 403, 172–178.
Kim, S. J., Ko, S. H., Kang, K. H., & Han, J. (2010). Direct seawater
desalination by ion concentration polarization. Nature Nanotechnology, 5, 297–301.
Kwak, R., Pham, V. S., Kim, B., Chen, L., & Han, J. (2016). Enhanced
salt removal by unipolar ion conduction in ion concentration
polarization desalination. Scientific Reports, 6, 25349.
Lee, R. L., & Dong, J. (2004). Modified reverse osmosis system for
treatment of produced waters. Technical Report prepared by New
Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology for U.S. Department of
Energy, 2004.
Lester, Y., Yacob, T., Morrissey, I., & Linden, K. G. (2014). Can we
treat hydraulic fracturing flowback with a conventional biological
process? The case of guar gum. Environmental Science &
Technology Letters, 1, 133–136.
Li, L., & Lee, R. (2009). Purification of produced water by ceramic
membranes: Material screening, process design and economics.
Separation Science and Technology, 44, 3455–3484.
Li, Z., Rana, D., Matsuura, T., & Lan, C. Q. (2019). The performance
of polyvinylidene fluoride—polytetrafluoroethylene nanocomposite
distillation membranes: An experimental and numerical study.
Separation and Purification Technology, 226, 192–208.
Li, X.-M., Zhao, B., Wang, Z., Xie, M., Song, J., Nghiem, L. D., et al.
(2014). Water reclamation from shale gas drilling flow-back fluid
using a novel forward osmosis-vacuum membrane distillation
hybrid system. Water Science & Technology, 69, 1036–1044.
Liu, N., Li, L., McPherson, B., & Lee, R. (2008). Removal of organics
from produced water by reverse osmosis using MFI-type zeolite
membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 325, 357–361.
Lokare, O. R., Tavakkoli, S., Wadekar, S., Khanna, V., & Vidic, R. D.
(2017). Fouling in direct contact membrane distillation of produced
water from unconventional gas extraction. Journal of Membrane
Science, 524, 493–501.
Lopez, A. M., Dunsworth, H., & Hestekin, J. A. (2016). Reduction of
the shadow spacer effect using reverse electrodeionization and its
applications in water recycling for hydraulic fracturing operations.
Separation and Purification Technology, 162, 84–90.
McGinnis, R. L., Hancock, N. T., Nowosielski-Slepowron, M. S., &
McGurgan, G. D. (2013). Pilot demonstration of the NH 3 /CO 2
forward osmosis desalination process on high salinity brines.
Desalination, 312, 67–74.
Miller, D. J., Huang, X., Li, H., Kasemset, S., Lee, A., Agnihotri, D.,
et al. (2013). Fouling-resistant membranes for the treatment of
flowback water from hydraulic shale fracturing: A pilot study.
Journal of Membrane Science, 437, 265–275.
Monzon, O., Yang, Y., Li, Q., & Alvarez, P. J. J. (2016). Quorum
sensing autoinducers enhance biofilm formation and power production in a hypersaline microbial fuel cell. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 109, 222–227.
Monzon, O., Yang, Y., Yu, C., Li, Q., & Alvarez, P. J. J. (2015).
Microbial fuel cells under extreme salinity: Performance and
microbial analysis. Environmental Chemistry, 12, 293–299.
Moslehyani, A., Ismail, A. F., Othman, M. H. D., & Matsuura, T.
(2015). Design and performance study of hybrid photocatalytic
reactor-PVDF/MWCNT nanocomposite membrane system for
treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. Desalination, 363,
99–111.
Mulder, M. (1996). Basic principles of membrane technology.
Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer academic Publishers.
Munirasu, S., Haija, M. A., & Banat, F. (2016). Use of membrane
technology for oil field and refinery produced water treatment—A
review. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 100, 183–
202.
Park, J., Kim, K., Shin, J. W., & Park, Y. K. (2019). Analysis of
multistage membrane and distillation hybrid processes for
propylene/propane separation. Chemical Engineering Transactions,
74, 871–876.
Quist-Jensen, C. A., Macedonio, F., Horbez, D., & Drioli, E. (2017).
Reclamation of sodium sulfate from industrial wastewater by using
membrane distillation and membrane crystallization. Desalination,
401, 112–119.
Rao, G., & Li, Y. (2015). Feasibility study of flowback/produced water
treatment using direct-contact membrane distillation. Desalination
and Water Treatment, 57, 21314–21327.
Ravanchi, M. T., Kaghazchi, T., & Kargari, A. (2009). Application of
membrane separation processes in petrochemical industry: A
review. Desalination, 235, 199–244.
Rezaei, M., Warsinger, D. M., Lienhard, V. J. H., Duke, M. C.,
Matsuura, T., & Samhaber, W. M. (2018). Wetting phenomena in
membrane distillation: Mechanisms, reversal, and prevention. Water
Research, 139, 329–352.
Riley, S. M., Oliveira, J. M. S., Regnery, J., & Cath, T. Y. (2016).
Hybrid membrane bio-systems for sustainable treatment of oil and
gas produced water and fracturing flowback water. Separation and
Purification Technology, 171, 297–311.
Hydrocarbon Separation and Removal Using Membranes
89