Chan, R. T. H., Marc, H., Ahmed, T., et al. (2013). Poly(ethylene
glycol)-modulated cellular biocompatibility of polyhydroxyalkanoate films. Polymer International, 62, 884–892. https://doi.org/10.
1002/pi.4451.
Chaunier, L., Guessasma, S., Belhabib, S., et al. (2018). Material
extrusion of plant biopolymers: Opportunities & challenges for 3D
printing. Additive Manufacturing, 21, 220–233. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.addma.2018.03.016.
Chee, J.-Y., Yoga, S.-S., Lau, N.-S., et al. (2010). Bacterially produced
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): Converting renewable resources into
bioplastics. In Current research technology and education topics in
applied microbiology and microbial biotechnology (pp. 1395–
1404).
Chen, G.-Q. (2009). A microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) based
bio- and materials industry. Chemical Society Reviews, 38, 2434.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b812677c.
Chen, G.-Q., & Wu, Q. (2005). The application of polyhydroxyalkanoates as tissue engineering materials. Biomaterials, 26, 6565–
6578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.04.036.
Cheng, G., Cai, Z., & Wang, L. (2003). Biocompatibility and
biodegradation of poly(hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ethylene glycol)
blend films. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine,
14,
1073–1078. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSM.0000004004.
37103.f4.
Choi, J. S., & Park, W. H. (2004). Effect of biodegradable plasticizers
on thermal and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate).
Polymer Testing, 23, 455–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymertesting.2003.09.005.
Corre, Y. M., Bruzaud, S., Audic, J. L., & Grohens, Y. (2012).
Morphology and functional properties of commercial polyhydroxyalkanoates: A comprehensive and comparative study. Polymer
Testing, 31, 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.
2011.11.002.
Dawes, E. A., & Senior, P. J. (1973). The role and regulation of energy
reserve polymers in micro-organisms. Advances in Microbial
Physiology, 10, 135–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2911(08)
60088-0.
de Koning, G. J. M., & Lemstra, P. J. (1993). Crystallization
phenomena in bacterial poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]: 2. embrittlement and rejuvenation. Polymer (Guildf), 34, 4089–4094. https://
doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(93)90671-V.
de Paiva, R. G., de Moraes, M. A., de Godoi, F. C., & Beppu, M. M.
(2012). Multilayer biopolymer membranes containing copper for
antibacterial applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 126,
E17–E24. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.36666.
Dias, M., Antunes, M. C. M., Santos, A. R., & Felisberti, M. I. (2008).
Blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(p-dioxanone): Miscibility, thermal stability and biocompatibility. Journal of Materials
Science. Materials in Medicine, 19, 3535–3544. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s10856-008-3531-1.
Díez-Pascual, A. M., & Díez-Vicente, A. L. (2014). ZnO-reinforced
poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) bionanocomposites
with antimicrobial function for food packaging. ACS Applied
Materials & Interfaces, 6, 9822–9834. https://doi.org/10.1021/
am502261e.
Doi, Y. (1995). Microbial synthesis, physical properties, and
biodegradability of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Macromolecular Symposium, 98, 585–599. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.19950980150.
Du, C., Sabirova, J., Soetaert, W., & Ki Carol Lin, S. (2012).
Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from low-cost sustainable raw
materials. Current Chemical Biology, 6, 14–25. https://doi.org/10.
2174/187231312799984394.
Elain, A., Le Grand, A., Corre, Y.-M., et al. (2016). Valorisation of
local agro-industrial processing waters as growth media for
polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production. Industrial Crops and
Products, 80, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.10.052.
Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2017). The new plastics economy:
Rethinking the future of plastics & catalysing action. https://www.
ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plasticseconomy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action.
Accessed May 14, 2019.
Follain, N., Chappey, C., Dargent, E., et al. (2014). Structure and
barrier properties of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate films.
Journal of Physical Chemistry, 118, 6165–6177.
Galego, N., Miguens, F. C., & Sánchez, R. (2002). Physical and
functional characterization of PHA SCL membranes. Polymer
(Guildf), 43, 3109–3114.
Galiano, F., Briceño, K., Marino, T., et al. (2018). Advances in
biopolymer-based membrane preparation and applications. Journal
of Membrane Science, 564, 562–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
MEMSCI.2018.07.059.
Gigault, J., Pedrono, B., Maxit, B., & Terhalle, A. (2016). Marine
plastic litter: The unanalyzed nano-fraction. Environmental Science:
Nano, 3, 346–350. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EN00008H.
Grassie, N., Murray, E. J., & Holmes, P. A. (1984a). The thermal
degradation of poly(-(d)-b-hydroxybutyric acid): Part 1—Identification and quantitative analysis of products. Polymer Degradation
and Stability, 6, 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(84)
90016-8.
Grassie, N., Murray, E. J., & Holmes, P. A. (1984b). The thermal
degradation of poly(-(d)-b-hydroxybutyric acid): Part 2—Changes
in molecular weight. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 6, 95–103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(84)90075-2.
Grassie, N., Murray, E. J., & Holmes, P. A. (1984c). The thermal
degradation of poly(-(d)-b-hydroxybutyric acid): Part 3—The
reaction mechanism. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 6, 127–
134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(84)90032-6.
Guo, J., Zhang, Q., Cai, Z., & Zhao, K. (2016). Preparation and dye
filtration property of electrospun polyhydroxybutyrate–calcium
alginate/carbon nanotubes composite nanofibrous filtration membrane. Separation and Purification Technology, 161, 69–79. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.01.036.
Gurgel, M., Vieira, A., Altenhofen, M., et al. (2011). Natural-based
plasticizers and biopolymer films: A review. European Polymer
Journal, 47, 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.12.011.
Guzman, D., Kirsebom, H., Solano, C., et al. (2011). Preparation of
hydrophilic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) macroporous scaffolds
through enzyme-mediated modifications. Journal of Bioactive and
Compatable Polymers, 26, 452–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/
0883911511419970.
Hancock, N. T., Black, N. D., & Cath, T. Y. (2012). A comparative life
cycle assessment of hybrid osmotic dilution desalination and
established seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation
processes. Water Research, 46, 1145–1154. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.watres.2011.12.004.
Hartley Yee, L., & Ray Foster, L. J. (2014). Polyhydroxyalkanoates as
packaging materials: Current applications and future prospects. In
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) based blends, composites and
nanocomposites (pp. 183–207). London: Royal Society of
Chemistry.
Hennessy, J., Livingston, A., & Baker, R. (2017). Membranes from
academia to industry. Nature Materials, 16, 280–282. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nmat4861.
Ioannou-Ttofa, L., Foteinis, S., Chatzisymeon, E., & Fatta-Kassinos, D.
(2016). The environmental footprint of a membrane bioreactor
treatment process through life cycle analysis. Science of the Total
Environment, 568, 306–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2016.06.032.
192
P. Tomietto et al.
glycol)-modulated cellular biocompatibility of polyhydroxyalkanoate films. Polymer International, 62, 884–892. https://doi.org/10.
1002/pi.4451.
Chaunier, L., Guessasma, S., Belhabib, S., et al. (2018). Material
extrusion of plant biopolymers: Opportunities & challenges for 3D
printing. Additive Manufacturing, 21, 220–233. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.addma.2018.03.016.
Chee, J.-Y., Yoga, S.-S., Lau, N.-S., et al. (2010). Bacterially produced
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): Converting renewable resources into
bioplastics. In Current research technology and education topics in
applied microbiology and microbial biotechnology (pp. 1395–
1404).
Chen, G.-Q. (2009). A microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) based
bio- and materials industry. Chemical Society Reviews, 38, 2434.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b812677c.
Chen, G.-Q., & Wu, Q. (2005). The application of polyhydroxyalkanoates as tissue engineering materials. Biomaterials, 26, 6565–
6578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.04.036.
Cheng, G., Cai, Z., & Wang, L. (2003). Biocompatibility and
biodegradation of poly(hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ethylene glycol)
blend films. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine,
14,
1073–1078. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSM.0000004004.
37103.f4.
Choi, J. S., & Park, W. H. (2004). Effect of biodegradable plasticizers
on thermal and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate).
Polymer Testing, 23, 455–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymertesting.2003.09.005.
Corre, Y. M., Bruzaud, S., Audic, J. L., & Grohens, Y. (2012).
Morphology and functional properties of commercial polyhydroxyalkanoates: A comprehensive and comparative study. Polymer
Testing, 31, 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.
2011.11.002.
Dawes, E. A., & Senior, P. J. (1973). The role and regulation of energy
reserve polymers in micro-organisms. Advances in Microbial
Physiology, 10, 135–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2911(08)
60088-0.
de Koning, G. J. M., & Lemstra, P. J. (1993). Crystallization
phenomena in bacterial poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]: 2. embrittlement and rejuvenation. Polymer (Guildf), 34, 4089–4094. https://
doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(93)90671-V.
de Paiva, R. G., de Moraes, M. A., de Godoi, F. C., & Beppu, M. M.
(2012). Multilayer biopolymer membranes containing copper for
antibacterial applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 126,
E17–E24. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.36666.
Dias, M., Antunes, M. C. M., Santos, A. R., & Felisberti, M. I. (2008).
Blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(p-dioxanone): Miscibility, thermal stability and biocompatibility. Journal of Materials
Science. Materials in Medicine, 19, 3535–3544. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s10856-008-3531-1.
Díez-Pascual, A. M., & Díez-Vicente, A. L. (2014). ZnO-reinforced
poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) bionanocomposites
with antimicrobial function for food packaging. ACS Applied
Materials & Interfaces, 6, 9822–9834. https://doi.org/10.1021/
am502261e.
Doi, Y. (1995). Microbial synthesis, physical properties, and
biodegradability of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Macromolecular Symposium, 98, 585–599. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.19950980150.
Du, C., Sabirova, J., Soetaert, W., & Ki Carol Lin, S. (2012).
Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from low-cost sustainable raw
materials. Current Chemical Biology, 6, 14–25. https://doi.org/10.
2174/187231312799984394.
Elain, A., Le Grand, A., Corre, Y.-M., et al. (2016). Valorisation of
local agro-industrial processing waters as growth media for
polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production. Industrial Crops and
Products, 80, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.10.052.
Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2017). The new plastics economy:
Rethinking the future of plastics & catalysing action. https://www.
ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plasticseconomy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action.
Accessed May 14, 2019.
Follain, N., Chappey, C., Dargent, E., et al. (2014). Structure and
barrier properties of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate films.
Journal of Physical Chemistry, 118, 6165–6177.
Galego, N., Miguens, F. C., & Sánchez, R. (2002). Physical and
functional characterization of PHA SCL membranes. Polymer
(Guildf), 43, 3109–3114.
Galiano, F., Briceño, K., Marino, T., et al. (2018). Advances in
biopolymer-based membrane preparation and applications. Journal
of Membrane Science, 564, 562–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
MEMSCI.2018.07.059.
Gigault, J., Pedrono, B., Maxit, B., & Terhalle, A. (2016). Marine
plastic litter: The unanalyzed nano-fraction. Environmental Science:
Nano, 3, 346–350. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EN00008H.
Grassie, N., Murray, E. J., & Holmes, P. A. (1984a). The thermal
degradation of poly(-(d)-b-hydroxybutyric acid): Part 1—Identification and quantitative analysis of products. Polymer Degradation
and Stability, 6, 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(84)
90016-8.
Grassie, N., Murray, E. J., & Holmes, P. A. (1984b). The thermal
degradation of poly(-(d)-b-hydroxybutyric acid): Part 2—Changes
in molecular weight. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 6, 95–103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(84)90075-2.
Grassie, N., Murray, E. J., & Holmes, P. A. (1984c). The thermal
degradation of poly(-(d)-b-hydroxybutyric acid): Part 3—The
reaction mechanism. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 6, 127–
134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(84)90032-6.
Guo, J., Zhang, Q., Cai, Z., & Zhao, K. (2016). Preparation and dye
filtration property of electrospun polyhydroxybutyrate–calcium
alginate/carbon nanotubes composite nanofibrous filtration membrane. Separation and Purification Technology, 161, 69–79. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.01.036.
Gurgel, M., Vieira, A., Altenhofen, M., et al. (2011). Natural-based
plasticizers and biopolymer films: A review. European Polymer
Journal, 47, 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.12.011.
Guzman, D., Kirsebom, H., Solano, C., et al. (2011). Preparation of
hydrophilic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) macroporous scaffolds
through enzyme-mediated modifications. Journal of Bioactive and
Compatable Polymers, 26, 452–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/
0883911511419970.
Hancock, N. T., Black, N. D., & Cath, T. Y. (2012). A comparative life
cycle assessment of hybrid osmotic dilution desalination and
established seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation
processes. Water Research, 46, 1145–1154. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.watres.2011.12.004.
Hartley Yee, L., & Ray Foster, L. J. (2014). Polyhydroxyalkanoates as
packaging materials: Current applications and future prospects. In
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) based blends, composites and
nanocomposites (pp. 183–207). London: Royal Society of
Chemistry.
Hennessy, J., Livingston, A., & Baker, R. (2017). Membranes from
academia to industry. Nature Materials, 16, 280–282. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nmat4861.
Ioannou-Ttofa, L., Foteinis, S., Chatzisymeon, E., & Fatta-Kassinos, D.
(2016). The environmental footprint of a membrane bioreactor
treatment process through life cycle analysis. Science of the Total
Environment, 568, 306–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2016.06.032.
192
P. Tomietto et al.