by a blended bacterial community of resulting aromatic
amines. Biological techniques for the complete degradation
of textile wastewater have advantages such as: (a) environmental-friendly, (b) cost-competitive, (c) less sludge manufacturing, (d) less water consumption of non-hazardous
metabolites or full mineralization and (e) higher concentration or less dilution requirement compared to physical/
oxidation technique.
Commonly, only dissolved material in the textile
wastewater can be eradicated and by employed aforementioned method, there are several aspects that affect the
removal efficiency which are the types of organisms and
their loading, ratio of organic load and dye, oxygen concentration and temperature of the system. From most of
these factors, chosen microorganisms seemed to be the primary criteria to determine the efficiency as different types of
microbes possessed different levels of enzymatic activities.
An aerobic method uses microbes for the treatment of the
textile wastewater in the presence of oxygen. Selected
microbes are then been isolated and cultured prior to test on
the degradation of several types of dyes. Some of the aerobic
bacteria decolorizing dyes are listed in Table 6.
Most of aerobic microorganisms that capable to decolorize the dyes require organic carbon to growth due to
inability to use the dye pigments as growth substrate. For
instance, P. aeruginosa only able to degrade textile dye
named fast blue whenever glucose and oxygen are existed.
Similar conditions are applied to Bacillus sp. and
A. hydrophila which unable to react without oxygen.
A study conducted by Kolekar et al. revealed that B. fusiformis able to tolerate and degrade Disperse Blue 79 and
Acid Orange 10 under anoxic condition at a concentration of
1.5 g/l of dye within 48 h (Kolekar et al. 2008). There are
very few bacteria known that can grow on azo dye compounds utilizing them as sole carbon source and others
reductively cleave azo bonds and utilize amines as sole
source of carbon and energy for growth.
2.5.2 Anaerobic Process
The anaerobic process is a branch of biological treatment
that utilize the anaerobic bacteria to decompose the organic
matter in the absence or limited access of oxygen. In the
past, this method was used for the digestion of sludge. Over
the years, this technique has been gradually used for the
treatment of various concentrations of organic wastewater
treatment. Meanwhile, the textile wastewater contained of
many high concentrations of organic waste namely dyeing
waste, textile printing waste and wool washing sewage. The
organic waste content which is as high as 1000 mg/L or
more can be harmful toward human and aquatic organism if
it is discharged into the surface water resources without
further treatment. Unlike the aerobic biological treatment
which aims to treat low concentration wastewater, the
anaerobic treatment process is usually adopted for the high
concentration wastewater. To date, the main anaerobic biological treatment normally used in the industrial practices is
the hydrolysis acidification. This technique can eventually
increase the sewage biodegradability that consequently
facilitates the subsequent biological treatment process.
Figure 7 shows the membrane bioreactor system that utilizing the anaerobic treatment step of hydrolysis acidification
process in polymer-flooding wastewater treatment plant.
The hydrolysis acidification process is the two primary
stages of the anaerobic biological treatment. During this
Table 5 Oxidizing potential for
conventional oxidizing agents
(Al-Kdasi et al. 2004)
Oxidizing agent
Electrochemical oxidation potential (EOP), V
EOP relative to chlorine
Fluorine
3.06
2.25
Hydroxyl radical
2.80
2.05
Oxygen (atomic)
2.42
1.78
Ozone
2.08
1.52
Hydrogen peroxide
1.78
1.30
Hypochlorite
1.49
1.10
Chlorine
1.36
1.00
Chloride dioxide
1.27
0.93
Oxygen (molecular)
1.23
0.90
Fig. 6 Oxidation by hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent
Advanced Membrane Technology for Textile Wastewater Treatment
97
amines. Biological techniques for the complete degradation
of textile wastewater have advantages such as: (a) environmental-friendly, (b) cost-competitive, (c) less sludge manufacturing, (d) less water consumption of non-hazardous
metabolites or full mineralization and (e) higher concentration or less dilution requirement compared to physical/
oxidation technique.
Commonly, only dissolved material in the textile
wastewater can be eradicated and by employed aforementioned method, there are several aspects that affect the
removal efficiency which are the types of organisms and
their loading, ratio of organic load and dye, oxygen concentration and temperature of the system. From most of
these factors, chosen microorganisms seemed to be the primary criteria to determine the efficiency as different types of
microbes possessed different levels of enzymatic activities.
An aerobic method uses microbes for the treatment of the
textile wastewater in the presence of oxygen. Selected
microbes are then been isolated and cultured prior to test on
the degradation of several types of dyes. Some of the aerobic
bacteria decolorizing dyes are listed in Table 6.
Most of aerobic microorganisms that capable to decolorize the dyes require organic carbon to growth due to
inability to use the dye pigments as growth substrate. For
instance, P. aeruginosa only able to degrade textile dye
named fast blue whenever glucose and oxygen are existed.
Similar conditions are applied to Bacillus sp. and
A. hydrophila which unable to react without oxygen.
A study conducted by Kolekar et al. revealed that B. fusiformis able to tolerate and degrade Disperse Blue 79 and
Acid Orange 10 under anoxic condition at a concentration of
1.5 g/l of dye within 48 h (Kolekar et al. 2008). There are
very few bacteria known that can grow on azo dye compounds utilizing them as sole carbon source and others
reductively cleave azo bonds and utilize amines as sole
source of carbon and energy for growth.
2.5.2 Anaerobic Process
The anaerobic process is a branch of biological treatment
that utilize the anaerobic bacteria to decompose the organic
matter in the absence or limited access of oxygen. In the
past, this method was used for the digestion of sludge. Over
the years, this technique has been gradually used for the
treatment of various concentrations of organic wastewater
treatment. Meanwhile, the textile wastewater contained of
many high concentrations of organic waste namely dyeing
waste, textile printing waste and wool washing sewage. The
organic waste content which is as high as 1000 mg/L or
more can be harmful toward human and aquatic organism if
it is discharged into the surface water resources without
further treatment. Unlike the aerobic biological treatment
which aims to treat low concentration wastewater, the
anaerobic treatment process is usually adopted for the high
concentration wastewater. To date, the main anaerobic biological treatment normally used in the industrial practices is
the hydrolysis acidification. This technique can eventually
increase the sewage biodegradability that consequently
facilitates the subsequent biological treatment process.
Figure 7 shows the membrane bioreactor system that utilizing the anaerobic treatment step of hydrolysis acidification
process in polymer-flooding wastewater treatment plant.
The hydrolysis acidification process is the two primary
stages of the anaerobic biological treatment. During this
Table 5 Oxidizing potential for
conventional oxidizing agents
(Al-Kdasi et al. 2004)
Oxidizing agent
Electrochemical oxidation potential (EOP), V
EOP relative to chlorine
Fluorine
3.06
2.25
Hydroxyl radical
2.80
2.05
Oxygen (atomic)
2.42
1.78
Ozone
2.08
1.52
Hydrogen peroxide
1.78
1.30
Hypochlorite
1.49
1.10
Chlorine
1.36
1.00
Chloride dioxide
1.27
0.93
Oxygen (molecular)
1.23
0.90
Fig. 6 Oxidation by hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent
Advanced Membrane Technology for Textile Wastewater Treatment
97