Radiation Expertise 63
6. Lev D. Riabev, ed., Atomnyi proekt SSSR. Dokumenty i materialy. Atomnaia bomba
1945–1954, Tom II Kniga 2, (Moskva: MFTI, 2000), pp. 605–607.
7. On the priority given to the atomic program: Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 129.
8. Vladimir N. Novoselov and Vitalii S. Tolstikov, Atomnyi sled na Urale (Chelyabinsk:
Rifei, 1997), p. 36.
9. Novoselov and Tolstikov, Atomnyi sled na Urale, pp. 87–100; especially pp. 89–90.
10. Novoselov and Tolstikov, Atomnyi sled na Urale, pp. 81–87; especially pp. 81–83.
11. Not before 1969, the Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-69) determined that in
an accidental situation, the State Sanitary Inspectorate imposed temporary permissible doses due to their assessment of the actual situation. Normy Radiacionnoi Bezopasnosti (NRB-69), Moskva 1970; if a hazard did not reach 250 rad, no
extreme measures were taken. If a hazard reached and exceeded 250 rad, extreme
measures were taken; A.I. Burnazian, S.M. Gorodinskii, L.A. Il’in, V.M. Kozlov,
A.N. Marei, G.M. Parkhomenko, and others, “Osnovnye itogi rabot po sozdaniiu
sistemy radiatsionnoi bezopasnosti v SSSR,” Atomnaia Energiia, 31 (1971).
12. Novoselov and Tolstikov, Atomnyi sled na Urale; Vitalii S. Tolstikov, Sotsial’noekologicheskie posledstviia razvitiia atomnoi promyshlennosti na Urale (1945–1998gg) (Chelyabinsk: ChGIIK, ChIPKRO, 1998); Natalia Melnikova, Fenomen zakrytogo atomnogo
goroda. Ocherki istorii Urala (Ekaterinburg: BKI, 2006); for a US and Soviet Union
comparative approach see, Kate Brown, Plutopia. Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the
Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
13. Novoselov and Tolstikov, Atomnyi sled na Urale, p. 59; Galina A. Komarova, Pred
Techa Chernobylia. Etnokul’turnye aspekty ekologicheskaia katastrofu na r. Techa (Moskva:
Inst. Etnologii i Antropologii Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2002) p. 77.
14. OGAChO F. R-1644, op. 1, d. 4a, l. 32–33.
15. Cf., a letter from Burnazian and Sumtsov to Bezdomov, August 11/20, 1956 that
elucidates on the corresponding order Rasporiazhenie Soveta Ministrov SSSR
№ 364rs from January 24, 1956; OGAChO F. R-274, op. 20, d. 43, l. 165.
16. Postanovlenie Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta i Soveta
Narodnykh komissarov RSFSR ot 30.03.1931 “Ob utverzhdenii plozheniia ob
izdanii mestnymi ispolkomami i svetami obiazatel’nykh postanovlenii i o nalozhenii
za ikh naruzhenie vzyskanii v administrativnom poriadke.”
17. Andreas Bilinsky, “Sowjetisches Verwaltungsstrafrecht mit einem Überblick
über das Recht andere Ostblockstaaten,” Jahrbuch für Ostrecht, 19 (1978), pp. 9–64
(pp. 19–20).
18. Bilinsky, “Sowjetisches Verwaltungsstrafrecht.”
19. Reshenie oblispolkoma № 309, August 4, 1956 “O zapreshchenii pol’zovaniia
vodoi reki TEChA”; OGAChO F. R-274, op. 20, d. 43, l. 154–155.
20. OGAChO F. R-1628, op. 4, d. 2087, l. 40–41.
21. Cf. Arkhiv PO “Maiak” F. 1, op. 22, d. 4, l. 81 reproduced in Novoselov and
Tolstikov (1997), Atomnyi sled, Prilozhenie № 5; OGAChO F. R-274, op. 20,
d.53, l. 248–249.
22. In 1955, a medical dispenser was established for the medical care of the Techa population. In 1958, a department of the Leningrad Institute for Radiation Protection
(LenNIIRG) was founded in Chelyabinsk in the aftermath of the accident in 1957.
23. Not be confused with the institute of the same name of the USSR Academy of
Sciences in Pushchino.
24. In 1947, the medical-biological department of the First Main Directorate (PGU)
was reorganized in the 3rd Main Department of the Ministry of Public Health;
Postanovlenie Council of Ministries USSR № 2935-951ss “O mediko-sanitarnom
obsluzhivanii predpriiatii Pervogo Glavnogo Upravlenie pri Sovete Ministrov
SSSR,” August 21, 1947, ed., Lev D. Riabev, Atomnyi proekt SSSR. Dokumenty i
materialy. Atomnaia bomba 1945–1954, Tom II Kniga 3 (Moskva: FIZMATLIT, 2002),
pp. 307–309.
6. Lev D. Riabev, ed., Atomnyi proekt SSSR. Dokumenty i materialy. Atomnaia bomba
1945–1954, Tom II Kniga 2, (Moskva: MFTI, 2000), pp. 605–607.
7. On the priority given to the atomic program: Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 129.
8. Vladimir N. Novoselov and Vitalii S. Tolstikov, Atomnyi sled na Urale (Chelyabinsk:
Rifei, 1997), p. 36.
9. Novoselov and Tolstikov, Atomnyi sled na Urale, pp. 87–100; especially pp. 89–90.
10. Novoselov and Tolstikov, Atomnyi sled na Urale, pp. 81–87; especially pp. 81–83.
11. Not before 1969, the Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-69) determined that in
an accidental situation, the State Sanitary Inspectorate imposed temporary permissible doses due to their assessment of the actual situation. Normy Radiacionnoi Bezopasnosti (NRB-69), Moskva 1970; if a hazard did not reach 250 rad, no
extreme measures were taken. If a hazard reached and exceeded 250 rad, extreme
measures were taken; A.I. Burnazian, S.M. Gorodinskii, L.A. Il’in, V.M. Kozlov,
A.N. Marei, G.M. Parkhomenko, and others, “Osnovnye itogi rabot po sozdaniiu
sistemy radiatsionnoi bezopasnosti v SSSR,” Atomnaia Energiia, 31 (1971).
12. Novoselov and Tolstikov, Atomnyi sled na Urale; Vitalii S. Tolstikov, Sotsial’noekologicheskie posledstviia razvitiia atomnoi promyshlennosti na Urale (1945–1998gg) (Chelyabinsk: ChGIIK, ChIPKRO, 1998); Natalia Melnikova, Fenomen zakrytogo atomnogo
goroda. Ocherki istorii Urala (Ekaterinburg: BKI, 2006); for a US and Soviet Union
comparative approach see, Kate Brown, Plutopia. Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the
Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
13. Novoselov and Tolstikov, Atomnyi sled na Urale, p. 59; Galina A. Komarova, Pred
Techa Chernobylia. Etnokul’turnye aspekty ekologicheskaia katastrofu na r. Techa (Moskva:
Inst. Etnologii i Antropologii Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2002) p. 77.
14. OGAChO F. R-1644, op. 1, d. 4a, l. 32–33.
15. Cf., a letter from Burnazian and Sumtsov to Bezdomov, August 11/20, 1956 that
elucidates on the corresponding order Rasporiazhenie Soveta Ministrov SSSR
№ 364rs from January 24, 1956; OGAChO F. R-274, op. 20, d. 43, l. 165.
16. Postanovlenie Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta i Soveta
Narodnykh komissarov RSFSR ot 30.03.1931 “Ob utverzhdenii plozheniia ob
izdanii mestnymi ispolkomami i svetami obiazatel’nykh postanovlenii i o nalozhenii
za ikh naruzhenie vzyskanii v administrativnom poriadke.”
17. Andreas Bilinsky, “Sowjetisches Verwaltungsstrafrecht mit einem Überblick
über das Recht andere Ostblockstaaten,” Jahrbuch für Ostrecht, 19 (1978), pp. 9–64
(pp. 19–20).
18. Bilinsky, “Sowjetisches Verwaltungsstrafrecht.”
19. Reshenie oblispolkoma № 309, August 4, 1956 “O zapreshchenii pol’zovaniia
vodoi reki TEChA”; OGAChO F. R-274, op. 20, d. 43, l. 154–155.
20. OGAChO F. R-1628, op. 4, d. 2087, l. 40–41.
21. Cf. Arkhiv PO “Maiak” F. 1, op. 22, d. 4, l. 81 reproduced in Novoselov and
Tolstikov (1997), Atomnyi sled, Prilozhenie № 5; OGAChO F. R-274, op. 20,
d.53, l. 248–249.
22. In 1955, a medical dispenser was established for the medical care of the Techa population. In 1958, a department of the Leningrad Institute for Radiation Protection
(LenNIIRG) was founded in Chelyabinsk in the aftermath of the accident in 1957.
23. Not be confused with the institute of the same name of the USSR Academy of
Sciences in Pushchino.
24. In 1947, the medical-biological department of the First Main Directorate (PGU)
was reorganized in the 3rd Main Department of the Ministry of Public Health;
Postanovlenie Council of Ministries USSR № 2935-951ss “O mediko-sanitarnom
obsluzhivanii predpriiatii Pervogo Glavnogo Upravlenie pri Sovete Ministrov
SSSR,” August 21, 1947, ed., Lev D. Riabev, Atomnyi proekt SSSR. Dokumenty i
materialy. Atomnaia bomba 1945–1954, Tom II Kniga 3 (Moskva: FIZMATLIT, 2002),
pp. 307–309.