The Legal Heritage of the Atom 169
78. In June 1983, the United States and the Marshall Islands entered into a formal
agreement in which the United States recognized the contributions and sacrifices
made by the Marshallese as a result of the Nuclear Testing Program. The Marshall
Islands Nuclear Claims Tribunal was established in 1988 to grant compensation for
personal injury deemed to have been caused by the testing. In their 2008 report,
the Tribunal reported partial payment on personal injury awards to 2127 individuals totaling 96.658.250 US$ with 23.131.552 still owed. See Holly M. Barker,
“Radiation Communities: Fighting for Justice for the Marshall Islands,” in: Johnston (ed.), Life and Death Matters, 357–380, here 371.
79. Kazakhstan has large uranium ore deposits. Before the collapse of the Soviet
Union, one-third of the Soviet uranium and 85% of the fuel for the Soviet nuclear
power plants were produced here.
80. See the contribution by Stefan Guth in this volume.
81. Artem Ermilov, “Atomtests, Uranförderung und Ölindustrie, Strahlenbelastung
und Strahlenschutz in Kasachstan,” in: Osteuropa, 4–5 (2008), 165–176; Gundula
Bahro, Durch Die Atomindustrie Verseuchte Gebiete in Kasachstan, Stuttgart 1998;
Gundula Bahro, “Tödliche Erbschaften – Das Atomare Potential in Kasachstan,”
in: APUZ, 52–53 (1992), B 39–46.
82. Law of the Republic Kazakhstan Nr. 1787-XII (18.12.1992) “On the social protection of citizens affected by the nuclear tests at the nuclear test site in Semipalatinsk”
(“O sotsial’noi zashchite grazhdan, postradavshchikh vsledstvie iadernykh ispytanii na Semipalatinskom ispytatel’nom iadernom poligone”).
83. Roman Vakulchuk, Kristian Gjerde, Tatiana Belikhina, and Kazbek Apsalikov:
“Semipalatinsk Nuclear Testing: The Humanitarian Consequences,” in: Norwegian
Institute of International Affairs, NUPI Report, Nr. 1 (2014); Susanne Bauer, Boris
Gusev, Tatiana Belikhina, Timur Moldagaliev, Kazbek Apsalikov, “The Legacies of Soviet Nuclear Testing in Kazakhstan: Fallout, Public Health and Societal Issues,” in: Deborah Oughton and Sven Ove Hansson (eds.), Social and Ethical
Aspects of Radiation Risk Management (Elsevier Science, 2013), 239–258.
84. Vakulchuk, Gjerde, Belikhina, and Apsalikov, “Semipalatinsk nuclear testing”;
Cynthia Werner and Kathleen Purvis-Roberts, “Unraveling the secrets of the
past: Contested versions of nuclear testing in the Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan,”
in: Johnston, Half-Lives, Half-Truth, 277–298. For an ethnological study on
the communities living at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, see: Magdalena
Stawkowski, “‘I Am a Radioactive Mutant’: Emergent Biological Subjectivities
at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site,” in: American Ethnologist, 43, 1
(2016), 144–157; Magdalena Stawkowski, “Everyday Radioactive Goods? Economic Development at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan,” in: Journal of Asian Studies,
76, 2 (2017), 423–436.
85. Susanne Bauer, “Radiation Science after the Cold War: The Politics of Measurement, Risk, and Compensation in Kazakhstan,” in: Olga Zvonareva, Evgeniya
Popova, and Klasien Horstman (eds.), Health, Technologies and Politics in Post-Soviet
Settings: Navigating Uncertainties (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018),
225–249.
86. Bauer, “Radiation Science After the Cold War.”
87. Law of the Russian Federation Nr. 149-FZ (19.08.1995) “On social protection of
citizens exposed to radiation as a result of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test
site” (“O sotsial’noi zashchite grazhdan, podvergshikhsia radiatsionnomu vozdeistviiu
vsledstvie iadernykh ispytanii na Semipalatinskom poligone”). In 2002, the law originally
passed under Yeltsin was modified under Putin’s administration: Law of the Russian Federation Nr. 2-FZ (10.01.2002) “On social guarantees for citizens exposed
to radiation as a result of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site” (“O sotsial’nych
garantiiakh grazhdanam, podvergshimsia radiatsionnomu vozdeistviiu vsledstvie iadernykh
ispytanii na Semipalatinskom poligone”).
78. In June 1983, the United States and the Marshall Islands entered into a formal
agreement in which the United States recognized the contributions and sacrifices
made by the Marshallese as a result of the Nuclear Testing Program. The Marshall
Islands Nuclear Claims Tribunal was established in 1988 to grant compensation for
personal injury deemed to have been caused by the testing. In their 2008 report,
the Tribunal reported partial payment on personal injury awards to 2127 individuals totaling 96.658.250 US$ with 23.131.552 still owed. See Holly M. Barker,
“Radiation Communities: Fighting for Justice for the Marshall Islands,” in: Johnston (ed.), Life and Death Matters, 357–380, here 371.
79. Kazakhstan has large uranium ore deposits. Before the collapse of the Soviet
Union, one-third of the Soviet uranium and 85% of the fuel for the Soviet nuclear
power plants were produced here.
80. See the contribution by Stefan Guth in this volume.
81. Artem Ermilov, “Atomtests, Uranförderung und Ölindustrie, Strahlenbelastung
und Strahlenschutz in Kasachstan,” in: Osteuropa, 4–5 (2008), 165–176; Gundula
Bahro, Durch Die Atomindustrie Verseuchte Gebiete in Kasachstan, Stuttgart 1998;
Gundula Bahro, “Tödliche Erbschaften – Das Atomare Potential in Kasachstan,”
in: APUZ, 52–53 (1992), B 39–46.
82. Law of the Republic Kazakhstan Nr. 1787-XII (18.12.1992) “On the social protection of citizens affected by the nuclear tests at the nuclear test site in Semipalatinsk”
(“O sotsial’noi zashchite grazhdan, postradavshchikh vsledstvie iadernykh ispytanii na Semipalatinskom ispytatel’nom iadernom poligone”).
83. Roman Vakulchuk, Kristian Gjerde, Tatiana Belikhina, and Kazbek Apsalikov:
“Semipalatinsk Nuclear Testing: The Humanitarian Consequences,” in: Norwegian
Institute of International Affairs, NUPI Report, Nr. 1 (2014); Susanne Bauer, Boris
Gusev, Tatiana Belikhina, Timur Moldagaliev, Kazbek Apsalikov, “The Legacies of Soviet Nuclear Testing in Kazakhstan: Fallout, Public Health and Societal Issues,” in: Deborah Oughton and Sven Ove Hansson (eds.), Social and Ethical
Aspects of Radiation Risk Management (Elsevier Science, 2013), 239–258.
84. Vakulchuk, Gjerde, Belikhina, and Apsalikov, “Semipalatinsk nuclear testing”;
Cynthia Werner and Kathleen Purvis-Roberts, “Unraveling the secrets of the
past: Contested versions of nuclear testing in the Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan,”
in: Johnston, Half-Lives, Half-Truth, 277–298. For an ethnological study on
the communities living at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, see: Magdalena
Stawkowski, “‘I Am a Radioactive Mutant’: Emergent Biological Subjectivities
at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site,” in: American Ethnologist, 43, 1
(2016), 144–157; Magdalena Stawkowski, “Everyday Radioactive Goods? Economic Development at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan,” in: Journal of Asian Studies,
76, 2 (2017), 423–436.
85. Susanne Bauer, “Radiation Science after the Cold War: The Politics of Measurement, Risk, and Compensation in Kazakhstan,” in: Olga Zvonareva, Evgeniya
Popova, and Klasien Horstman (eds.), Health, Technologies and Politics in Post-Soviet
Settings: Navigating Uncertainties (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018),
225–249.
86. Bauer, “Radiation Science After the Cold War.”
87. Law of the Russian Federation Nr. 149-FZ (19.08.1995) “On social protection of
citizens exposed to radiation as a result of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test
site” (“O sotsial’noi zashchite grazhdan, podvergshikhsia radiatsionnomu vozdeistviiu
vsledstvie iadernykh ispytanii na Semipalatinskom poligone”). In 2002, the law originally
passed under Yeltsin was modified under Putin’s administration: Law of the Russian Federation Nr. 2-FZ (10.01.2002) “On social guarantees for citizens exposed
to radiation as a result of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site” (“O sotsial’nych
garantiiakh grazhdanam, podvergshimsia radiatsionnomu vozdeistviiu vsledstvie iadernykh
ispytanii na Semipalatinskom poligone”).