84. Martini G et al (2007) Joint EUCAR/JRC/
CONCAWE programme on effects of petrol vapour
pressure and ethanol content onevaporative emissions from modern cars. Report number EUR
22715 EN. ISBN 978-1-4419-0851-3_554. Office
for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
85. Mellios G, Samaras Z (2007) An empirical model for
estimating evaporative hydrocarbon emissions from
canister-equipped vehicles. Fuel 86:2254–2261
86. USEPA (1995) Compilation of air pollutant emission
factors AP-42, 5th edn. Stationary point and area
sources, vol 1. Section 13.2.1: paved roads (updated
November 2006). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
87. Venkatram A (2000) A critique of empirical emission
factor models: a case study of the AP-42 model for
estimating PM 10 emissions from paved roads. Atmos
Environ 32:1–11
88. Jørgensen MV, Sorenson SC (1996) Estimating emissions from railway traffic. Report for MEET, 4th framework project, (DG-VII contract no: ST-96-SC.204), as
Report ET-EO-97-03, Department of Energy Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
89. Georgakaki A, Coffey R, Sorenson SC (2002) Development of a database system for the calculation of
indicators of environmental pressure caused by railway transport. Transport and ENVIRONMENT
DATABASE SYSTEM (TRENDS) project for
EUROSTAT, Report MEK–ET–2002–03, Department of Energy Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark
90. Lindgreen E, Sorenson SC (2005) Simulation of
energy consumption and emissions from rail
traffic. Report MEK-ET-2005-4, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Danish Technical University, February 2005. Deliverable 7a for ARTEMIS,
DG-TREN contract 1999-RD.10429
91. Gijsen A, van den Brink RMM (2002) Energy use
and emissions by rail transport; description and
results of the model PRORIN (in Dutch). Report
no. 773002021. RIVM, Bilthoven
92. Entec (2002) Quantification of emissions from ships
associated with ship movements between ports in the
European Community. Final Report to the European
Commission, Entec UK Limited
93. Sjöbris A, Gustafsson J, Jivén K (2005) ARTEMIS:
sea transport emission modelling. MariTerm AB,
Gothenburg
94. Georgakaki A, Sorensen SC (2004) Report on collected data and resulting methodology for inland
shipping. Workpackage 900: emission estimating
methodology for ship transport of the European
Commission fifth framework ARTEMIS project.
Report No: MEK-ET-2004-2. ISBN 87-7475-314-2.
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby
95. André M, Rapone M, Adra N, Pollak I, Keller M,
McCrae I (2006) Traffic characteristics for the estimation of pollutant emissions from road transport.
Final Report of ARTEMIS Workpackage 1000.
INRETS Report LTE0606. INRETS, Bron
96. Stathopoulos FG, Noland RB (2003) Induced travel
and emissions from traffic flow improvement projects. TRR J Transp Res Board 1842:57–63
97. Schall V (2007) Energy-efficient driving. Presentation at the International Transport Forum workshop
on eco-driving, Paris. 22 November 2007. Deutsche
Bahn AG
98. Entec (2005) Ship emissions: assignment, abatement
and market-based instruments – task 1: preliminary
assignment of ship emissions to European countries.
Report to the European Commission, Entec UK
Limited
99. AQEG (2005) Particulate matter in the United Kingdom. Report of the Air Quality Expert Group,
DEFRA, London
100. Matthijsen J, ten Brink HM (2007) PM 2.5 in the
Netherlands – consequences of the new European
air quality standards. MNP Report 500099001/
2007. The Netherlands Environmental Assessment
Agency (MNP), Bilthoven
101. Putaud J-P et al (2010) A European aerosol phenomenology – 3: physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter from 60 rural, urban, and
kerbside sites across Europe. Atmos Environ
44:1308–1320
102. Harrison RM, Shi JP, Grenfell JL (1998) Novel nighttime free radical chemistry in severe nitrogen dioxide
pollution episodes. Atmos Environ 32(16):2769–2774
103. AQEG (2007) Trends in primary nitrogen dioxide in
the UK. The fourth report of the Air Quality Expert
Group. Department for the Environment, Food and
Rural Affairs, London, ISBN:978-0-85521-179-0
104. Jenkin ME (2004) Analysis of sources and
partitioning of oxidant in the UK – part 2: contributions of nitrogen dioxide emissions and background
ozone at a kerbside location in London. Atmos Environ 38(30): 5131–5138
105. Carslaw DC, Beevers SD (2004) Investigating the
potential importance of primary NO2 emissions in a
street canyon. Atmos Environ 38:3585–3594
106. Carslaw DC (2005) Evidence of an increasing NO 2 /
NO x emissions ratio from road traffic emissions.
Atmos Environ 39:4793–4802
107. Hueglin C, Buchmann B, Weber RO (2006) Longterm observation of real-world road traffic emission
factors on a motorway in Switzerland. Atmos Environ 40(20): 3696–3709
108. Grice S, Stedman J, Kent A, Hobson M, Norris J,
Abbott J, Cooke S (2009) Recent trends and projections of primary NO 2 emissions in Europe.
Atmos Environ 43:2154–2167
109. Lappi M, Laurikko J, Erkkilä K, Pellikka A-P,
Koskentalo T(2008) Specific NO and NO 2 emissions
from a wide range of current and future LD and HD
vehicles in urban driving conditions. In: Proceedings
of 16th international conference “transport and air
pollution” 2008, Graz
110. Rexeis R, Hausberger S (2009) Trend of vehicle
emission levels until 2020 – prognosis based on
current vehicle measurements and future emission
legislation. Atmos Environ 43:4689–4698
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on
81
CONCAWE programme on effects of petrol vapour
pressure and ethanol content onevaporative emissions from modern cars. Report number EUR
22715 EN. ISBN 978-1-4419-0851-3_554. Office
for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
85. Mellios G, Samaras Z (2007) An empirical model for
estimating evaporative hydrocarbon emissions from
canister-equipped vehicles. Fuel 86:2254–2261
86. USEPA (1995) Compilation of air pollutant emission
factors AP-42, 5th edn. Stationary point and area
sources, vol 1. Section 13.2.1: paved roads (updated
November 2006). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
87. Venkatram A (2000) A critique of empirical emission
factor models: a case study of the AP-42 model for
estimating PM 10 emissions from paved roads. Atmos
Environ 32:1–11
88. Jørgensen MV, Sorenson SC (1996) Estimating emissions from railway traffic. Report for MEET, 4th framework project, (DG-VII contract no: ST-96-SC.204), as
Report ET-EO-97-03, Department of Energy Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
89. Georgakaki A, Coffey R, Sorenson SC (2002) Development of a database system for the calculation of
indicators of environmental pressure caused by railway transport. Transport and ENVIRONMENT
DATABASE SYSTEM (TRENDS) project for
EUROSTAT, Report MEK–ET–2002–03, Department of Energy Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark
90. Lindgreen E, Sorenson SC (2005) Simulation of
energy consumption and emissions from rail
traffic. Report MEK-ET-2005-4, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Danish Technical University, February 2005. Deliverable 7a for ARTEMIS,
DG-TREN contract 1999-RD.10429
91. Gijsen A, van den Brink RMM (2002) Energy use
and emissions by rail transport; description and
results of the model PRORIN (in Dutch). Report
no. 773002021. RIVM, Bilthoven
92. Entec (2002) Quantification of emissions from ships
associated with ship movements between ports in the
European Community. Final Report to the European
Commission, Entec UK Limited
93. Sjöbris A, Gustafsson J, Jivén K (2005) ARTEMIS:
sea transport emission modelling. MariTerm AB,
Gothenburg
94. Georgakaki A, Sorensen SC (2004) Report on collected data and resulting methodology for inland
shipping. Workpackage 900: emission estimating
methodology for ship transport of the European
Commission fifth framework ARTEMIS project.
Report No: MEK-ET-2004-2. ISBN 87-7475-314-2.
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby
95. André M, Rapone M, Adra N, Pollak I, Keller M,
McCrae I (2006) Traffic characteristics for the estimation of pollutant emissions from road transport.
Final Report of ARTEMIS Workpackage 1000.
INRETS Report LTE0606. INRETS, Bron
96. Stathopoulos FG, Noland RB (2003) Induced travel
and emissions from traffic flow improvement projects. TRR J Transp Res Board 1842:57–63
97. Schall V (2007) Energy-efficient driving. Presentation at the International Transport Forum workshop
on eco-driving, Paris. 22 November 2007. Deutsche
Bahn AG
98. Entec (2005) Ship emissions: assignment, abatement
and market-based instruments – task 1: preliminary
assignment of ship emissions to European countries.
Report to the European Commission, Entec UK
Limited
99. AQEG (2005) Particulate matter in the United Kingdom. Report of the Air Quality Expert Group,
DEFRA, London
100. Matthijsen J, ten Brink HM (2007) PM 2.5 in the
Netherlands – consequences of the new European
air quality standards. MNP Report 500099001/
2007. The Netherlands Environmental Assessment
Agency (MNP), Bilthoven
101. Putaud J-P et al (2010) A European aerosol phenomenology – 3: physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter from 60 rural, urban, and
kerbside sites across Europe. Atmos Environ
44:1308–1320
102. Harrison RM, Shi JP, Grenfell JL (1998) Novel nighttime free radical chemistry in severe nitrogen dioxide
pollution episodes. Atmos Environ 32(16):2769–2774
103. AQEG (2007) Trends in primary nitrogen dioxide in
the UK. The fourth report of the Air Quality Expert
Group. Department for the Environment, Food and
Rural Affairs, London, ISBN:978-0-85521-179-0
104. Jenkin ME (2004) Analysis of sources and
partitioning of oxidant in the UK – part 2: contributions of nitrogen dioxide emissions and background
ozone at a kerbside location in London. Atmos Environ 38(30): 5131–5138
105. Carslaw DC, Beevers SD (2004) Investigating the
potential importance of primary NO2 emissions in a
street canyon. Atmos Environ 38:3585–3594
106. Carslaw DC (2005) Evidence of an increasing NO 2 /
NO x emissions ratio from road traffic emissions.
Atmos Environ 39:4793–4802
107. Hueglin C, Buchmann B, Weber RO (2006) Longterm observation of real-world road traffic emission
factors on a motorway in Switzerland. Atmos Environ 40(20): 3696–3709
108. Grice S, Stedman J, Kent A, Hobson M, Norris J,
Abbott J, Cooke S (2009) Recent trends and projections of primary NO 2 emissions in Europe.
Atmos Environ 43:2154–2167
109. Lappi M, Laurikko J, Erkkilä K, Pellikka A-P,
Koskentalo T(2008) Specific NO and NO 2 emissions
from a wide range of current and future LD and HD
vehicles in urban driving conditions. In: Proceedings
of 16th international conference “transport and air
pollution” 2008, Graz
110. Rexeis R, Hausberger S (2009) Trend of vehicle
emission levels until 2020 – prognosis based on
current vehicle measurements and future emission
legislation. Atmos Environ 43:4689–4698
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on
81