0.0
4
.
0
0
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
NOx (g/kWh)
PM (g/kWh)
Euro VI (2013)
Euro VI (2013)
Euro IV (2013)
Euro I
(1992)
Euro II
(1996)
Euro III
(2000)
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on, Fig. 12 Evolution of EU NO x and PM emission limits for engines
used in heavy-duty vehicles
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
EU
Thailand
Singapore
Hong Kong
Australia
Malaysia
Vietnam
Russia
Argentina
China (national)
India (national)
Indonesia
Philippines
Pakistan
Euro 1
Euro 4
Euro 4
Euro 4
Euro 4
Euro 4
Euro 4
Euro 4
Euro 4
Euro 4
Euro 4
Euro 6
Euro 5
Euro 5
Euro 5
Euro 5
Euro 3
Euro 3
Euro 3
Euro 3
Euro 3
Euro 3
Euro 3
Euro 3
Euro 1
Euro 1
Euro 1
Euro 1
Euro 1
Euro 1
Euro 1
Euro 1
Euro 1
Euro 1
Euro 1
Euro 1
Euro 1
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 2
Euro 2
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on, Fig. 13 Introduction dates for emission standards in different
countries. (Adapted from [119])
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on
69