aftertreatment technologies is the availability of
appropriate fuel, and in many developing countries this has presented something of a barrier.
Periodic in-service inspection and maintenance represents a further (and crucial) level of
legislative control, as it is designed to ensure that
vehicles maintain low emission levels during realworld operation. However, whilst type approval
checks are relatively detailed and involve the use
of specialist and expensive laboratory equipment,
in-service checks are based on shorter, simplified
operations of the vehicle (usually in a repair center), and make use of equipment that is less precise
and less expensive than that used in the laboratory.
Moreover, the tests for petrol vehicles typically
only involve the measurement of CO and HC
whilst the vehicle’s engine is running at idle or at
fast-idle, and those for diesel vehicles tend to
cover only smoke emissions. Therefore, the tests
do not address the most important pollutants and
operational conditions. In some countries,
attempts have been made to address these issues.
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on, Table 1 Prevention measures for surface transport
General approach
Type of measure
Measure
Applicability
Road Rail Shipping
Reducing emissions per vehicle, vessel
or train
Emission
legislation
Vehicle/engine type
approval
✓
✓
✓
In-service inspection
✓
–
–
Roadside checks
✓
–
–
Fuel legislation
Improved fuel quality
✓
✓
✓
Exhaust
aftertreatment
DPF
✓
✓
✓
SCR
✓
✓
✓
Scrubber
–
–
✓
Alternative fuels
CNG/LPG
✓
✓
✓
Biofuels (biodiesel,
ethanol)
✓
✓
✓
Vehicle/engine
Improved combustion
✓
✓
✓
technology
Improved aerodynamics ✓
✓
✓
Hybrid
✓
✓
✓
Fuel cell
✓
✓
✓
Humid air motors
–
–
✓
Eco-driving
Training
✓
✓
✓
Engine switch-off
✓
✓
✓
Cleaning
Road sweeping
✓
–
–
Road washing
✓
–
–
Vehicle cleaning
✓
–
–
Dust suppressants
Chloride salts, CMA
✓
–
–
Traffic
management
Speed control
✓
–
–
Reducing travel/ transport activity
Traffic
management
Access restrictions
✓
–
–
Environmental zones
✓
–
–
Parking restrictions
✓
–
–
Economic
measures
Congestion charges
✓
–
–
Tolls
✓
–
–
Road user charging
✓
–
–
Incentives and taxes
✓
✓
✓
68
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on
appropriate fuel, and in many developing countries this has presented something of a barrier.
Periodic in-service inspection and maintenance represents a further (and crucial) level of
legislative control, as it is designed to ensure that
vehicles maintain low emission levels during realworld operation. However, whilst type approval
checks are relatively detailed and involve the use
of specialist and expensive laboratory equipment,
in-service checks are based on shorter, simplified
operations of the vehicle (usually in a repair center), and make use of equipment that is less precise
and less expensive than that used in the laboratory.
Moreover, the tests for petrol vehicles typically
only involve the measurement of CO and HC
whilst the vehicle’s engine is running at idle or at
fast-idle, and those for diesel vehicles tend to
cover only smoke emissions. Therefore, the tests
do not address the most important pollutants and
operational conditions. In some countries,
attempts have been made to address these issues.
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on, Table 1 Prevention measures for surface transport
General approach
Type of measure
Measure
Applicability
Road Rail Shipping
Reducing emissions per vehicle, vessel
or train
Emission
legislation
Vehicle/engine type
approval
✓
✓
✓
In-service inspection
✓
–
–
Roadside checks
✓
–
–
Fuel legislation
Improved fuel quality
✓
✓
✓
Exhaust
aftertreatment
DPF
✓
✓
✓
SCR
✓
✓
✓
Scrubber
–
–
✓
Alternative fuels
CNG/LPG
✓
✓
✓
Biofuels (biodiesel,
ethanol)
✓
✓
✓
Vehicle/engine
Improved combustion
✓
✓
✓
technology
Improved aerodynamics ✓
✓
✓
Hybrid
✓
✓
✓
Fuel cell
✓
✓
✓
Humid air motors
–
–
✓
Eco-driving
Training
✓
✓
✓
Engine switch-off
✓
✓
✓
Cleaning
Road sweeping
✓
–
–
Road washing
✓
–
–
Vehicle cleaning
✓
–
–
Dust suppressants
Chloride salts, CMA
✓
–
–
Traffic
management
Speed control
✓
–
–
Reducing travel/ transport activity
Traffic
management
Access restrictions
✓
–
–
Environmental zones
✓
–
–
Parking restrictions
✓
–
–
Economic
measures
Congestion charges
✓
–
–
Tolls
✓
–
–
Road user charging
✓
–
–
Incentives and taxes
✓
✓
✓
68
Air Quality, Surface Transportation Impacts on